Miscellaneous Electrical Equipment Alarm Systems

Miscellaneous
Electrical Equipment
Alarm Systems
Bridge Console
Engine Order Telegraph
Rudder Angle Indicator
Steering System
Synchro
 Synchro is an electromechanical position sensing device
 Synchro resembles a small electric motor consisting of

 Stator with 3 coils and
 Rotor with 1 coil
 A syncho operates like a variable transformer that works on the principle

of electromagnetic induction
Synchro Construction
Stator Rotor
 It has one primary winding on the rotor and can be rotated 360o and
three secondary windings (Y- connected) on the stator spaced 120o apart.
 Depending on the relative voltages induced* in the secondary coils (Stator)
by the primary (Rotor), the resultant stator magnetic field can be made to
rotate through 360o ( *Induced voltage is proportional to Cos θ)
 If an iron bar or electromagnet is placed in the stator field and allowed to
turn freely, it will always tend to line up in the direction of the stator magnetic
field
Synchro System
Synchro Synchro Receiver

Transmitter
 When two synchros are connected together electrically they form the
simplest Synchro System
 Purpose : To connect two shafts together so that when one is turned, the
other turns in the same way
Synchro Tx / Rx - Operation
 A synchro operates like a transformer that works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction
Principle of Operation
110 V , 50 c/s 110 V , 50 c/s
110 V , 50 c/s
 In the synchro system the
rotors are connected in
parallel across the AC supply
line
 The stator connections
being - S1 to S1, S2 to S2 and
S3 to S3
Principle of operation- Rotor aligned to Stator
 When both transmitter and receiver rotors

in the synchro system are on zero or
displaced from zero by the same angle they
are said to be in Correspondence.
 In this condition the rotors of the
transmitter and receiver induces voltages in
its stator coils that are equal and opposite
(S2 = 52V ; S1 and S3 = 26 V).
 This causes the voltages to cancel and

reduces the stator current to zero and no
torque is experienced by the rotors of the
synchro system and remains in
correspondence
Principle of operation – Rotor & Stator misaligned
 When the transmitter rotor is

turned by 60o, the rotor field follows 110V, 50 c/s
and the magnetic coupling between
the rotor and stator windings
changes.
 This results in the transmitter S2
coil voltage decreasing to 26 V, the
S3 coil voltage reversing direction
and the S1 coil voltage increases to
52 V
 This imbalance in
voltages between  The rotor field
110V, 50 c/s
transmitter and receiver, on the receiver
causes current to flow in experiences a
the stator coils in the torque and realigns
direction of stronger itself in the
voltages. direction of the
 The current flow in the stator field ie. The
receiver gives rise to a receiver rotor
magnetic field in its stator, aligns itself with
which is in the same the stator
direction of Tx rotor field transmission
How is salinity measured
1. Salinity is measured by measuring its conductivity ie. the magnitude of

current that flows through it. The magnitude of current, is dependent on the
quantity of dissolved salt.
2. Salts dissolve into positively and negatively charged ions which enables it
to conduct electricity
3. Conductivity is measured in micro Siemens per cm (µS/cm) while Salinity

is measured in parts per million (ppm)
4. A salinity of 50 ppm means 50 milligrams of salt / litre
5. Conductivity of seawater is around 54000 µS/cm.

This is approx 35000 ppm
Salinity Measurement
Salinometer
 Pure water is non-conducting so

that current flow is an indication of
impurities, i.e. the greater the
current the greater the impurity in
the water.
 When the impurity content
exceeds a fixed value the current is
sufficient to operate the relay 2 so
giving visual or audible warning by
closing the circuit. Continued
operation at increased current would
cause Relay 1 to short circuit the
meter and so protect it.
 Water temperature increases conductivity so that temperature compensation is

required. A temperature compensating thermometer is a shunt across the meter.
Temperature increase causes a rise of mercury level and a cutting out of resistance which
allows more current through the shunt and less through the meter. The correct calibration
current through the meter is fixed; current variations due to temperature are shunted.
Oxygen Analyser
Oxygen Analyser
1. Oxygen is vital for life and the presence of ample oxygen is an indicator
that a space or tank is safe to get into.
2. Many times it is necessary to measure the oxygen content especially

during situations of enclosed space entries and tank entry.
3. The main property of oxygen which helps in its detection and

measurement of its percentage in the given sample of air is that of Para-
magnetism. Basically this means that oxygen gets attracted towards a
magnetic field.
Oxygen Analyser (cont…)
1. There are two platinum resistance wires forming a

part of the wheatstone’s bridge and exposed to two
different chambers as shown
2. Of the two chambers one chamber has an

artificially created magnetic field
3. The air whose oxygen content is to be measured

is passed into both the chambers
4. While one chamber of the meter attracts oxygen,

the reference chamber attracts only air.
5. This causes a difference in the temperature of the

two wire sets, because of the difference in thermal
conductivity of oxygen with respect to air.
6. The temperature difference causes an imbalance in the resistance of the bridge legs
and the degree of this imbalance is in proportion to the oxygen content in the sample
7. There is a meter which is calibrate to show this difference in resistance as a
percentage of the oxygen in the given sample, thus allowing the ship staff to note the
oxygen content in the given space.
Watertight Doors
Watertight Hatches
Watertight Doors
Watertight Door - Power Operated
Watertight Door Indicator Panel
Watertight Doors – Regulation 21
3.1.2.2 Electrical
(i) Electric motors starters, switches, junction boxes and other electrical
equipment associated with watertight door systems, or their indicators, if
situated below the bulkhead deck, are to be watertight in accordance with
the applicable IP ratings in BS EN 60529.
(ii) Motors and associated equipment installed in car decks are to have
an IP rating appropriate to the worst case degree of flooding.
(iii) Electrical motors, associated circuits and control components;

protected to IP X7 standard.
Cont…..
Watertight Doors – Regulations 21 (Cont…)
(v) Door movement warning signals; protected to IP X6 standards.
(vi) The water pressure testing of the enclosures protected to IP X8 shall

be based on the pressure that may occur at the location of the component
during flooding, for a period of 36 hours.
(vii) The distribution board for main and control circuits should be
installed above the bulkhead deck. The warning light on the bridge
indicator should be wired into the main and emergency power supplies
and continuously illuminated to show that power is available and not
illuminated only when the system is activated. An indicator correctly
wired in this manner and activated by a test button is acceptable.
Alarms
Alarm System – Regulation 51
1. An alarm shall be provided indicating any fault requiring attention and

shall:
.1 be capable of sounding an audible alarm in the main machinery control
room or at the propulsion machinery control position, and indicate visually
each separate alarm function at a suitable position;
.2 have a connection to the engineer’s public rooms and to each of the
engineer’s cabins through a selector switch, to ensure connection to atleast
one of those cabins;
.3 activate an audible and visual alarm on the navigation bridge for any
situation which requires action by or attention of the officer of the watch;
.4 As far as practical the alarm system be designed on fail to safety
principle (In the event of failure of the system damage to personnel and
equipment should be minimum).
Cont….
Alarm System – Regulation 51 (cont…)
2.1 Alarm system shall be continuously powered and shall have an

automatic change over to standby power supply in case of loss of normal
power supply
2.2 Failure of the normal power supply of alarm system shall be indicated by
an alarm
3.2 Alarms shall be maintained until they are accepted and visual indications
of individual alarm shall remain until the fault has been corrected, when the
alarm system shall automatically rest to the normal operating condition
Navigation Lights
Navigational Lights
● The number, position and visible range of navigational lights are prescribed by the
IMO
● For vessels more than 50m, the masthead lights must be visible from a range of 6
nautical miles and other lights from 3 nautical miles
● To achieve such visibility, special incandescent filament lamps of 65W are used but
60W and 40W are also permitted in some cases
● Each light is supplied from Navigational light panel in wheel house
● The electric power at 220V AC fed from essential services section of Main Switchboard
● The Standby power supply is fed from Emergency Switchboard
Navigational Light Panel
● A changeover switch on the Navigational Light Panel selects the Main or Standby
power supply
● The Navigational light panel has indicator lamps and an audible alarm to warn of any
lamp or lamp circuit failure.
● Each lamp circuit has an alarm relay which monitors the lamp current
Ship’s Mast Head Lights
 Various signal lights with Red, Green,

White and Blue are arranged on a signal mast
 These lights are switched to give particular

combinations to signal states relating to
various international and national regulations
(Pilotage requirements, health, dangerous
cargo conditions etc. are signalled with these
lights)
 White Morse Code flashing lights are also

fitted on the signal mast
 NUC state is signalled using all round Red

lights vertically mounted atleast 2 m apart.
Such lights are fed from 24V DC Emergency
supply, but some ships may also have an
additional NUC light fed from 220V AC
Emergency Power supply

Miscellaneous Electrical Equipment Alarm Systems

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Miscellaneous

 Synchro is an electromechanical position sensing device

 Synchro resembles a small electric motor consisting of

 A syncho operates like a variable transformer that works on the principle

Synchro Synchro Receiver

110 V , 50 c/s 110 V , 50 c/s

 When both transmitter and receiver rotors

 This causes the voltages to cancel and

 When the transmitter rotor is

1. Salinity is measured by measuring its conductivity ie. the magnitude of

3. Conductivity is measured in micro Siemens per cm (µS/cm) while Salinity

4. A salinity of 50 ppm means 50 milligrams of salt / litre

5. Conductivity of seawater is around 54000 µS/cm.

 Pure water is non-conducting so

 Water temperature increases conductivity so that temperature compensation is

2. Many times it is necessary to measure the oxygen content especially

3. The main property of oxygen which helps in its detection and

1. There are two platinum resistance wires forming a

2. Of the two chambers one chamber has an

3. The air whose oxygen content is to be measured

4. While one chamber of the meter attracts oxygen,

5. This causes a difference in the temperature of the

(iii) Electrical motors, associated circuits and control components;

(v) Door movement warning signals; protected to IP X6 standards.

(vi) The water pressure testing of the enclosures protected to IP X8 shall

1. An alarm shall be provided indicating any fault requiring attention and

2.1 Alarm system shall be continuously powered and shall have an

 Various signal lights with Red, Green,

 These lights are switched to give particular

 White Morse Code flashing lights are also

 NUC state is signalled using all round Red

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