Introduction

Chapter 1

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Components of a Modern
Computer (1)
– One or more processors
– Main memory
– Disks
– Printers
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Display
– Network interfaces
– I/O devices
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Components of a Modern
Computer (2)

Figure 1-1. Where the operating system fits in.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 The Operating System as an
Extended Machine

Figure 1-2. Operating systems turn ugly hardware into

beautiful abstractions.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 The Operating System as a
Resource Manager
• Top down view
– Provide abstractions to application programs
• Bottom up view
– Manage pieces of complex system
• Alternative view
– Provide orderly, controlled allocation of resources

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 History of Operating Systems
• The first generation (1945–55) vacuum tubes
• The second generation (1955–65) transistors and
batch systems
• The third generation (1965–1980) ICs and
multiprogramming
• The fourth generation (1980–present) personal
computers
• The fifth generation (1990–present) mobile
computers
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Transistors and Batch Systems (1)

Figure 1-3. An early batch system. (a) Programmers bring

cards to 1401. (b) 1401 reads batch of jobs onto tape.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Transistors and Batch Systems (2)

Figure 1-3. An early batch system. (c) Operator carries input tape to
7094. (d)7094 does computing. (e) Operator carries output tape to
1401. (f) 1401 prints output.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Transistors and Batch Systems (3)

Figure 1-4. Structure of a typical FMS job.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 ICs and Multiprogramming

Figure 1-5. A multiprogramming system with

three jobs in memory.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Processors (1)

Figure 1-6. Some of the components of a

simple personal computer.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Processors (2)

Figure 1-7. (a) A three-stage pipeline. (b) A superscalar CPU.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Memory (1)

Figure 1-8. (a) A quad-core chip with a shared L2 cache.

(b) A quad-core chip with separate L2 caches.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Memory (2)

Figure 1-9. A typical memory hierarchy. The numbers are

very rough approximations.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Memory (3)
Caching system issues:
1. When to put a new item into the cache.
2.Which cache line to put the new item in.
3.Which item to remove from the cache when a
slot is needed.
4.Where to put a newly evicted item in the
larger memory.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Disks

Figure 1-10. Structure of a disk drive.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 I/O Devices

Figure 1-11. (a) The steps in starting an I/O device

and getting an interrupt.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 I/O Devices

Figure 1-11. (b) Interrupt processing involves taking the interrupt,

running the interrupt handler, and returning to the user program.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Buses

Figure 1-12. The structure of a large x86 system

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 The Operating System Zoo
• Mainframe Operating Systems
• Server Operating Systems
• Multiprocessor Operating Systems
• Personal Computer Operating Systems
• Handheld Computer Operating Systems
• Embedded Operating Systems
• Sensor Node Operating Systems
• Real-Time Operating Systems
• Smart Card Operating Systems

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Processes (1)
• Key concept in all operating systems
• Definition: a program in execution
• Process is associated with an address space
• Also associated with set of resources
• Process can be thought of as a container
– Holds all information needed to run program

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Processes (2)

Figure 1-13. A process tree. Process A created two child processes,

B and C. Process B created three child processes, D, E, and F.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Files (1)

Figure 1-14. A file system for a university department.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Files (2)

Figure 1-15. (a) Before mounting, the files on the CD-ROM are not
accessible. (b) After mounting, they are part of the file hierarchy.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Files (3)

Figure 1-16. Two processes connected by a pipe.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny
• Each new “species” of computer
– Goes through same development as “ancestors”
• Consequence of impermanence
– Text often looks at “obsolete” concepts
– Changes in technology may bring them back
• Happens with large memory, protection
hardware, disks, virtual memory

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 System Calls (1)

Figure 1-17. The 11 steps in making the system call

read(fd, buffer, nbytes).
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 System Calls (2)

Figure 1-18. Some of the major POSIX system calls. The return code s
is −1 if an error has occurred. The return codes are as follows: pid is a
process id, fd is a file descriptor, n is a byte count, position is an offset
within the file, and seconds is the elapsed time.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 System Calls (3)

Figure 1-18. Some of the major POSIX system calls. The return code s
is −1 if an error has occurred. The return codes are as follows: pid is a
process id, fd is a file descriptor, n is a byte count, position is an offset
within the file, and seconds is the elapsed time.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 System Calls (4)

Figure 1-18. Some of the major POSIX system calls. The return code s
is −1 if an error has occurred. The return codes are as follows: pid is a
process id, fd is a file descriptor, n is a byte count, position is an offset
within the file, and seconds is the elapsed time.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 System Calls (5)

Figure 1-18. Some of the major POSIX system calls. The return code s
is −1 if an error has occurred. The return codes are as follows: pid is a
process id, fd is a file descriptor, n is a byte count, position is an offset
within the file, and seconds is the elapsed time.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 System Calls for Process
Management

Figure 1-19. A stripped-down shell. Throughout this book,

TRUE is assumed to be defined as 1.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 System Calls for File Management

Figure 1-20. Processes have three segments:

text, data, and stack
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 System Calls for Directory
Management (1)

Figure 1-21. (a) Two directories before linking usr/jim/memo

to ast’s directory. (b) The same directories after linking.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 System Calls for Directory
Management (2)

Figure 1-22. (a) File system before the mount.

(b) File system after the mount.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 The Windows Win32 API (1)

Figure 1-23. The Win32 API calls that roughly correspond to

the UNIX calls of Fig. 1-18.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 The Windows Win32 API (2)

Figure 1-23. The Win32 API calls that roughly correspond to

the UNIX calls of Fig. 1-18.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Monolithic Systems (1)
Basic structure of OS
1.A main program that invokes the requested
service procedure.
2.A set of service procedures that carry out the
system calls.
3.A set of utility procedures that help the service
procedures.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Monolithic Systems (2)

Figure 1-24. A simple structuring model

for a monolithic system.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Layered Systems

Figure 1-25. Structure of the THE operating system.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Microkernels

Figure 1-26. Simplified structure of the

MINIX 3 system.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Client-Server Model

Figure 1-27. The client-server model over a network.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Virtual Machines

Figure 1-28. The structure of VM/370 with CMS.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Virtual Machines Rediscovered

Figure 1-29. (a) A type 1 hypervisor. (b) A pure type 2

hypervisor. (c) A practical type 2 hypervisor.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Large Programming Projects

Figure 1-30. The process of compiling C and header

files to make an executable.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Metric Units

Figure 1-31. The principal metric prefixes.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 End

Chapter 1

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.