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JANNATUL NAIMA HAQUE-01
ISRAT ARIF SUMAYA-11
AFROZA MAHAZABIN-24
SHEIKH MOHIUDDIN
SHAHRUJJAMAN-33
MD. ABIR ADNAN-39
CONSTRUCTION OF JAMUNA
BRIDGE IN BANGLADESH:
A CASE STUDY
BACKGROUND

The Jamuna, one of the three largest rivers in Bangladesh, runs from north to south through central
Bangladesh, dividing the country to the east and west.
The Jamuna formed a bottleneck in east-west traffic, hindering the transport of agricultural
products grown in the granaries in the west to the consumption centers in the east. In addition,
regions in the west were prevented from benefiting from infrastructure, including gas, electricity
and communications, which were concentrated in eastern Bangladesh and had been left
underdeveloped. Under these circumstances, a plan to construct a bridge across the Jamuna had
been the earnest wish of the nation since Bangladesh became independent in 1971.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of the project was to-
• connect the eastern and western halves of the country, separated by the Jamuna River

• build a four-lane multipurpose bridge to accommodate power cables, railway lines,

communications facilities and gas pipelines
• solving transport problems by meeting growing east-west traffic volume

• contributing to economic development in the country by revitalizing business activities in

western districts to eliminate the disparities between the two regions.
• establish a railway connection between the east and the west in a cost-effective manner
PROJECT PROFILE
Because of its expected major development impact, the Project was accorded high priority by the
Government of Bangladesh. The Project was also consistent with the Asian Development Bank's
(ADB's) Country Operational Strategy and transport sector strategy. It provided essential
infrastructure and emphasized the strong links between poverty reduction, good governance, and
private sector development. Due to the large size, complexity, and the large funding requirements
for the Project, the Government sought assistance from ADB, Overseas Economic Cooperation
Fund (OECF), and World Bank.
The Project envisaged the construction of a bridge over the Jamuna River, about 7 kilometers (km)
south of Sirajganj, with provision for road lanes, and capable of supporting an electric power
interconnector, telecommunications cables, a gas pipeline, and a meter gauge railway.
 PROJECT PROFILE
The Project comprised-
I. construction of a bridge 4.8 km long and 18.5 meter wide to carry initially four road lanes with sidewalks
and capable of supporting an electric interconnector, a gas pipeline, telecommunication facilities, and a
meter gauge railway;
II. construction of two viaducts, each about 128 m in length, connecting the bridge to the approach roads;
III. construction of two guide bunds, each about 2.2 km long, and a flood protection bund on the east bank to
regulate the river at the selected site;
IV. construction of two approach roads, one 16 km long to the east and the other 14 km to the west, with
two-lane single carriageways with paved shoulders and provision for widening to dual carriageway;
V. measures to mitigate adverse project impacts on the environment;
 PROJECT PROFILE
I. implementation of the resettlement action plan for project-affected persons (PAPs); and
II. consulting services for project management, construction supervision and training of Government staff in the
operation and maintenance (O&M) of the bridge.

The Jamuna bridge is the most expensive and technically one of the most challenging transport infrastructure
projects ever attempted in Bangladesh. To implement the Project, the Government created the Jamuna Bridge
Multipurpose Authority (JMBA) in 1985 and assigned it the responsibility of preparing and implementing the
Project. As an integral part of the Project, ADS also financed complementary follow-on investment projects to
expand the road network on the east side of the Jamuna River and connect the separate rail networks on either side
of the river.
 Study on the implementation of the project shows the following factors:

 To implement the Project, the Government created the Jamuna Bridge

Multipurpose Authority (JMBA).
 Resettled and compensated people whose homes or livelihoods were
PROJECT negatively affected by construction of the bridge.
ACTION  The consulting services for project management, construction
PLAN supervision, and training of Government staff in the O&M of the bridge
were implemented as envisaged at appraisal.
 A panel of experts (POE) was formed, comprising leading domestic and
international experts, to advise JMBA on all technical matters related to
the Project.
PROJECT ACTION PLAN

1988 1989 1990 1992

Reconnaissance Draft tender documents Draft terms of ADB Board Paper on
Mission received by the Asian reference and letters of Advance Procurement
Development Bank invitation for Action and Flexibility in
(ADB) contract 1, 2, 3 construction Tender Documents to
and 4 supervision fi rm and Permit Joint Financing
management with World Bank.
consultants received
 PROJECT ACTION PLAN

1994 1995 1996 1998

Procurement ADB received a copy of ADB approved Inauguration of the
committee meeting Jamuna Multipurpose processing of a small- Bangabandhu Bridge.
approved award of Bridge Project (Land scale technical .
contracts 1- Hyundai Acquisition) Ordinance assistance (SSTA)
Engineering and of 1995, which was project in the amount
Construction Co. JV approved by the of $50,000 to fi nance a
Korea, 2 - Ham-VOA Government of midterm review to be
Joint Venture The Bangladesh carried out by an
Netherlands, 3 - independent panel of
Samwhan Corp and 4 - experts
Samwhan Corp.
CHALLENGES OF THE
PROJECT

TE CH N I C A L PRO C UREM E NT C O NSTRUCTI O N

SCH EDUL E

Training the river to Since the project site is in Rapidly changing river
ensure it would continue central Bangladesh, about beds, river paths and
to fl ow under the bridge 300 km from the Bay of intense heat each rainy
corridor was one of the Bengal, the supply of season create a great
most diffi cult technical necessary construction challenge for contractors
challenges of the project materials and equipment to complete the project on
and its components. has caused major time.
problems.
CHALLENGES OF THE
PROJECT

SO C I A L F INANC IAL ENV I RO NME NTAL

RE SE T TL E ME N T

A budget of over $40 Being a country of small The closure of northern

million was used to fund economy, it was not easy intake of Dhaleshwary
the Resettlement Action for Bangladesh to river apart from putting
Plan and the policy for materialize such a large up embankment and
Erosion and Flood project of $696 million bridge-end facilities have
Affected Persons. USD. defi nite negative impact
to the north fi sher to
produce fi shes and
catching.
 The total cost of the project was provided by the
PROJECT COSTS following donor agencies:
AND FINANCING
Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge was • WorldBank:US$200million;
constructed by Hyundai Heavy • Asian Development Bank(ADB):US$200million;
Industries at a initial appraisal cost of
$696 million. Finding a cost-effective
• Government of Japan:US$200million;
way to tame the turbulent and • Government of Bangladesh US $69 million.
capricious river and the funds required
to develop the project was a
formidable task that many
international engineering experts said
The loans carry a low rate of interest. These are given
could never be achieved. The Jamuna below:
Bridge was a major capital investment
World Bank = 0.75 percent per annum;
for the government of Bangladesh.
ADB and Government of Japan 1 percent per annum
 PROJECT COSTS AND FINANCING
These loans are repayable over a period of 40 years with a 10-year grace period and it will be paid
following nominal interest rate.

Funding for the significant government contribution to project costs was provided through a surcharge
and levy applied from 1986 to 1994 under the Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge (Surcharge and Levy)
Ordinance 1985. The surcharge was collected on rail and ferry charges, telephone bills, motor vehicle
licenses, and registration documents for land and buildings.
At appraisal, it was agreed that the Government would pursue a policy of cost recovery for the project,
setting tolls that would not discourage bridge users. Based on a study on the structure and level of
tolls,the Government set tolls that were higher than envisaged at appraisal and more than sufficient to
meet future debt-service obligations.
 SUMMARY OF PROJECT COST ESTIMATES
AT APPRAISAL AND ACTUAL
EXPENDITURES:
Appraisal Estimates Actual Expenditures
300
259.61
250 244.05
220.4 222.7
200
Cost in USD

150
100
52.9 62.76
50 27 29.7

0
Main Bridge River Training Approach Roads Consulting Services

Though the estimated cost was $696 million USD, the actual cost at the end of the project was $753 million. The
actual project cost was close to the cost estimated at appraisal. This was largely due to the extensive work carried out
during the project preparation phase.
DISBURSEMENT SCHEDULE

Disbursement Details
250

198 201
200 200
200 189
178

155
150
Cost in USD

132

110
100
78

58
50
25.64
10.58

0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Axis Title
 EFFECTIVENESS
FINANCIAL ANALYSISAND CONCERNS

Based on a study on the structure and level of tolls, completed in mid-June 1997, the Government
set tolls that were higher than planned at appraisal and more than sufficient to meet future debt-
service obligations. So far the revenues being generated from the bridge are in line with the toll
study.

Table: Comparison of ferry fares and tolls for the Jamuna bridge

  Goods vehicle Bus Car/light vehicle and

motorcycle
Light Medium Heavy Small Large Motorcycle Car/light vehicle
Tolls for the Jamuna Bridge 750 1000 1250 550 800 30 400
Ferry fares 705.5 1346.7 29 290.9
EFFECTIVENESS
FINANCIAL ANALYSISAND CONCERNS

Table: Comparison of Predicted/Actual Average Daily Traffic Volume for the Bridge

Indicator 1998(Project 1999 2000

completion date)
Goods vehicle Plan Actual 1093 645 1253 891 1365 1361
(Units/day) Achievement ratio 59.0% 71.1% 99.7%
Bus Plan Actual 340 660 383 825 414 1192
(Units/day) Achievement ratio 194.1% 215.4% 287.9%
Car/light vehicle/ Plan Actual 196 773 227 702 247 893
bike (Units/day) Achievement ratio 394.3% 309.3% 361.5%
Total Plan Actual 1630 2079 1865 2418 2025 3445
(Units/day) Achievement ratio 127.5% 129.7% 170.1%
EFFECTIVENESS
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCEAND CONCERNS

The PCRM (Project Completion Review Mission) recalculated the Economic Internal Rate of Return
(EIRR) following the same methodology that was used at appraisal. The estimated EIRR was 16.8
percent, which is higher than the appraisal estimate of 14.5 percent, confirming the positive effects of
the higher-than-estimated traffic on the bridge despite the higher tolls set by the Government.

Substantial development impact is expected with the Project, providing improved connection is
established to the Northwest of Bangladesh with over 30 million people, most of whom are poor. The
PCRM noted that the Project is already generating increased economic development through reduced
transport cost and improved access. Market developments were observed both on the east side of the
Jamuna River toward Dhaka, and on the west side, near the bridge site and along the access road to
the bridge.
EFFECTIVENESS
ATTAINMENT OF BENEFITAND CONCERNS

 The Project achieved its objectives on time and largely within budget. The most important objective
met by the Project was to connect the eastern and western halves of Bangladesh to foster economic
development.
 With continued economic growth in Bangladesh and growing sub-regional cooperation, cross-Jamuna
traffic is expected to increase further, bringing economic benefits and make sub-regional cooperation
easier and more attractive. The Project will strengthen trade opportunities and support the
development of improved transport networks for the efficient flows of services and goods, including
improved access to the northwestern region of Bangladesh.
EFFECTIVENESS
ATTAINMENT OF BENEFITAND CONCERNS

 The small survey conducted by the PCRM confirmed increased travel and perceived benefits
for the poorer groups of people traveling by bus and living on both sides of the bridge.
 Before the Jamuna Bridge was constructed, ferries were the only means of crossing the
Jamuna, which divides Bangladesh to the east and west. The survey conducted before the
bridge was opened to traffic indicated that the waiting time for the Aricha-Nagarbari, 75km
downstream from the bridge, and that for the Sirajganj-Bhuapur, 7km upstream, were 12-48
hours and 8-12 hours, respectively, with the time required to cross the river by ferry being
about two and half hours on both sections. By contrast, the Jamuna Bridge enabled vehicles to
cross the river in just 12-18 minutes.
IMPACTS

Revitalization of Economic Construction of Basic

Activities Due to Smoother Infrastructure to Reduce
Distribution East-West Disparities
The bridge is contributing to reduce the The area of the country west of the
time required to transport agricultural Jamuna is less developed than that to the
products from granaries in the northwest east and has been prevented from
to areas in eastern Bangladesh, the benefiting from infrastructure, including
center of consumption. Currently, gas, electricity and communications. East-
agricultural and regional development west regions have been connected by a
plans are being implemented in the network of public utilities as the result of
northwest. the installation of 232kV power cables,
gas pipelines 750 mm in diameter and
telephone cables along the bridge.
IMPACTS

Effects on the Social Effects on the Natural

Environment Environment
From the initial planning stage, the executing After the construction of the bridge
agency attached significance to the fact that combustion gases of cars, buses, trains and
the project would affect many of the local trucks increased the pollution of air in
residents and carefully developed a villages near Jamuna bridge. Due to
relocation plan. Examples included enacting availability of gas and electricity and
a new law to allow for more compensation to transportation system a lot of new industry
be awarded to local residents than in the built in the near area of Jamuna bridge, the
past, and the payment of damages even to plum of these industry also pollute the air.
illegal settlers, as well as implementing Due to the construction of bridge, there have
large-scale land development for relocated been changes and disruption in the ecology
residents. of the area and there will be a loss of about
1000 hectares of land which was available as
habitat for wildlife.
COMPARISON OF ORIGINAL AND ACTUAL
RESULTS
Item Plan Actual
Project scope (1) Construction of the bridge Approx. 4.8 km, four Same as left
lanes
(2) Construction of approach roads 16 km on the Same as left
east side, connected to national route No.4
(3) Construction of approach roads 14 km on the Same as left
west side, connected to national route No.5
(4) Implementation of river control work 3.07 km for the east bank and 3.26 km for
Construction of 2.2-km river control the west bank*
embankments on both banks Construction of 1.7 km
flood prevention embankments on the east side
(5) Consulting services: 2,570 M/M Same as left

Implementation schedule April 1994 to November 1997 (43 months) October 1994 to June 1998 (44 months)

Project cost
Foreign currency US$600 million -
Local currency US$96 million -
Total US$696 million US$753.7 million
ODA loan portion ¥21.562 billion ¥21.29 billion

Exchange rate US$1.00 = ¥107.81 (1994)

RECOMMENDATIONS

Project Related General

• During project preparation, a participatory • To expedite the implementation of
approach should be adopted involving all projects, Government should establish
stakeholders giving high priority to project implementation arrangements
preparation of environmental and social before loan negotiations.
mitigating measures. • Projects of a similar nature should be
• To expand the Project's development designed with a separate capacity building
impact and ensure medium-term of the executing agency with sufficient
sustainability. training development.
• The preparation of a project performance • Project design should further address
audit report should await the completion expected impacts on poverty and contain
and the initial operation of ADB-financed a methodology and procedure for
road and railway links (footnote 4); it could collecting and analyzing data required for
be prepared in 2003. the evaluation of such impacts and
benefits, particularly on the poor.
CONCLUSION
The Project has been satisfactorily implemented and is rated highly successful. The main objective of the
Project has been met, connecting the eastern and western parts of the country, separated by the Jamuna
River, through a fixed link. The Project will stimulate economic growth by facilitating the transport of
passengers and freight and the transmission of electricity, natural gas, and telecommunications across the
Jamuna River more economically and efficiently. In addition, a dual gauge rail track has been provided
on the bridge in a cost-effective manner. Without the Project, Bangladesh would have continued its ferry
operations with high O&M costs and loss of lives due to frequent floods and overloaded boats. In
addition, 30 million people living in the northwestern part of Bangladesh would not have enjoyed easy
access to the eastern side of Bangladesh. The successful completion of the Jamuna Bridge has increased
the level of confidence of the foreign investors and donor agencies, and there has been a big investment
jump by international financial agencies, governments, and private organizations.
ANY QUESTION?
THANK YOU!