Perdev Week 1
Perdev Week 1
DEVELOPMEN
T
lesson 1
Knowing Oneself – Strengths
and Limitations
As an individual, we commonly see other people’s
manner of doing things, belief, and lifestyle. Most
of the time, we give comments and/or judgment on
how they behave and react in certain scenarios.
However, it is observed that most people find it
hard to make good and sound evaluation towards
their own behavior, traits, and personality. In this
lesson, we will try to know ourselves better by
having careful reflections on how we see ourselves
as an individual and understanding our characters
particularly as young and late adolescent.
What I Need to Know
• This module was designed and written with you in mind.
It is here to help you master the nature of Biology. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.
• The lesson in this module is about Knowing
Oneself. After going through this module, you
are expected to:
1. Explain that knowing oneself can make a
person accept his/her strengths and limitations
and dealing with others better.
What’s In
• Start knowing yourself better. Kindly work with a partner
(anyone who is available to give you some assistance)
and assess how well you know yourself by listing down
your values, characteristics and/or traits using the Four
Quadrants of Oneself. (Be guided by the instructions
below.) Be able to discuss to your teacher/guide or
partner/buddy the result of this activity using your output.
I. Values you know well you possess
II. Values you and others knew you possess
III. Values you and others hardly knew you possess
IV. Values others knew well you possess
What’s New
Self-Development
As an adolescent, it is undeniable that during this year, you find it most
important to know yourselves deeper. You most of the time find yourself asking
‘what do you really want’ or ‘why do you really like doing these things or being
with these people’.
You may find it queer that you are starting to ask yourself questions, but you
have got to understand that you are not the only person who experienced it. In
other words, what you are experiencing is just normal. Now that you are in your
middle or late adolescence we can say that you may have discovered changes in
your life, or in your behavior or attitude that compel you to discover more.
Self-development is a process of discovering oneself by realizing one’s
potentials and capabilities that are shaped over time either by studying in a
formal school or through environmental factors. Along this realization, an
individual encounters gradual changes deep within him/her that may help
him/her overcome unacceptable practices or traits which lead him towards
positive change for his growth or self-fulfillment. It is also called personal
development.
On the other hand, examining yourself, most specifically how you react on
things, your belief, traits, and values is one of the most complicated things to do
in the world. You must understand, though, that it is not that simple. In fact, it
follows a process. This lesson will be of great help for you to rediscover
yourself better. Let us start by knowing some concepts of understanding
oneself.
Self-concept is learned.
This explains that no individual is born with self-concept. A person will soon
develop this as he/she grows old. This means that self-concept can only be
acquired as soon as the person learns how to mingle with others and so this
indicates that self-concept is influenced by the person’s environment and can
be a product of the person’s socialization.
Self-concept is organized.
This stresses out that one’s perception towards himself/herself is firm. This
means that a person may hear other people’s point of view regarding
himself/herself but will keep on believing that what he/she thinks of
himself/herself is always the right one. Change on one’s perceptions towards
himself/herself, however, may also be possible but it takes time.
Self-concept is dynamic.
As an individual grows older, he/she continues to encounter problems or
challenges that may reveal his/her self-concept in that particular time or
situation. A person will respond to the scenario based on his/her own insights
and how he/she perceives himself/herself in the situation. Thus, self-concept
undergoes development as the person goes through different experiences.
Aside from the philosophers above, Sigmund Freud who is a well-known
psychologist, neurologist and the creator of Psychoanalysis Theory and the
father of psychoanalysis, proposed that there are three components of
personality within us: the Id, Ego and Superego that certainly play a vital role
of how we think of ourselves.
The Id.
Freud explained that man's personality is driven by pleasure principle. This
means that the nature of Id is to satisfy man's desire without thinking much of
the situation. This nature is being developed at a young age or present from
birth. To illustrate this idea let us take this as an example. An infant will cry if
he/she wants to be fed to satisfy his/her hunger. An infant cannot exactly
explain what he/she really wants. Also, infants do grab things and would want
to get things on their hands not minding if they hurt nor if they are important or
not. All they want is to get them for they want them. This is the nature of Id,
when the id wants it the rest are no longer important. However, this instinct is
controlled by the ego and superego as these aspects are developed in man’s life
later.
The Ego.
This is the second component of the personality that is developed
at approximately the age of three. This operates according to reality which
makes it possible for the Id to work in a more proper and satisfactory ways.
The ego will give a more socially accepted means of getting the desires and
wants of a person without getting to hurt other’s feelings. In other words, it is
the job of the ego to provide a man some guidelines on how to behave
accordingly while he fulfilled his pleasure.
Directions: Study the editorial cartoon below. Answer the questions that
follow. Do this on your answer sheet.
1. What do you think is the message of the cartoon? Do you agree with
the cartoonist?
2. How would you describe the thought of the cartoonist
toward adolescents?
Now that you have a better grasp of yourself, you are to do this
activity. Recall the most important event/s of your life which you
believe to have helped you discover yourself more. Complete the
road map below. Consider the instructions given. Do this on a sheet
of paper.
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper
This material was crafted to give you – learners, the right amount of assistance for
you to absorb and acquire all the necessary concepts and nature comprising oneself.
Lessons are bounded on the performance and content standard, learning
competencies and level of the learners. This also used languages appropriate to the
understanding of the varied types of students’ learning acquisition. Sequence of the
lessons adhered to the arrangement of the competencies as reflected on the DepEd’s
curriculum guide for this course.
Lesson Title: Knowing Oneself
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. share his/her unique characteristics, habits, and experiences
What’s In
Many people believe that we are the product of our own experiences. Those
experiences shape our unique qualities and habits that define who we as a person and
differ from others. Your features or own qualities that made you a unique are
characteristics; when you do something repeatedly and regularly it is a habit; and
experiences are the skills or knowledge you have gained because you have done it already from
the past.
Now let us focus on when and how our characteristics, habits, and
experiences develop and manifest by identifying some of the factors that may affect a
person’s “Self” -- the foundation of all human behavior. It is our sense of identity and of
who we are as an individual (James 1890; Mead, 1934).
Self-Esteem
Self-esteem is your evaluation of your own worth. It may be positive
or negative. Positive self-esteem is the valuation that is pleasing and acceptable
according to your standard and that of others, while negative self-esteem is the opposite
which is feeling distraught or down and unaccepted by others.
According to Tafarodi & Swann (1995), there are many factors to identify the level of
self-esteem of an individual and some of the major factors are:
- own appearance
- how satisfied you are in a relationship; and
- how you view your performance.
Our self-esteem may change from time to time depending on the situation we
encounter in our daily life. Since it can be partly a trait that someone can possess.
It depends on how you perceive the things coming your way.
Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy is not considered as a trait. “[It] does not refer to your abilities but rather to
your beliefs about what you can do with your abilities” (Stajkovic & Luthans, 1998). It is
your will to produce an effect on a specific thing. It is your self-belief to effectively
achieve your most important goal. The stronger the belief, the bigger the possibility to
achieve a positive result. For instance, you are aiming for a higher grade and you are
confidently believing it then, it will happen.
Maddux and Kleiman (2000) define and explain the five (5) different ways that
influenced self-efficacy beliefs from the ideas of Albert Badura, a professor and a
psychologist
• (a) Performance Experiences – if you are good at achieving your specific goal, then
you probably think that you will achieve it again. When the opposite happens, if you
fail, you will often think that you will fail again.
• (b) Vicarious Performances – if others achieved their goal or specific task, then you
will come to believe that you will also achieve your goal.
• (c) Verbal Persuasion – it is when people tell you whether they believe or not on what
you can do or cannot do. The effect of your self-efficacy will depend on how that
person matters to you.
• (d) Imaginal Performances – When you imagine yourself doing well, then it will
happen.
• (e) The Affective States & Physical Sensations – if your mood or emotion (e.g.
shame) and physical state (e.g. shaking) come together, it will affect your selfefficacy.
If negative mood connects with negative physical sensation, the result will be
negative. And if it is positive, most likely the result will be positive.
Self and Identity
Have you tried to talk to yourself in front of the mirror? What did you see? According to William James,
a psychologist, “the self is what happens when I reflect upon ME". Taylor (1989) described the self as a
Reflective Project. How we see ourselves is geared toward improving ourselves depending on a lot of
factors. Dan McAdam, a psychologist, reiterated that even there are many ways on how we reflect to
improve ourselves, it brings us back to these three (3) categories:
we reflect to improve ourselves, it brings us back to these three (3) categories:
You now have the idea on how things affect one’s self. Knowing those
factors, aspects, indicators, and ways to know yourself better was just an
instrument to help you be able to meet and embrace your being. Who you
are, what you do, and what you have been through are ultimate reasons
why you are unique from others.
This activity will let you dig deeper by remembering some important
aspects that made you who you are. You are opt to share your answers with
your teacher/classmates.
What’s More
In this part, you will be given Two (2) different activities that will allow you to share
how you see yourself and how others see you.
Activity 1.1
Some “One” Dear
You learned from the previous text that Self is a “Reflective Project”. We do reflective
assessment and we keep on trying to change ourselves for what we think is the best.
Big part of the reflecting process are considerations like how you think people
perceive you. However, sometimes you could get so caught up with a lot of
things that you tend to fail to project yourself formally to others.
This activity will open the chance for you to tell everything that you want to say to a
person dear to you. You are tasked to create a letter for someone that matters to you.
Share all your learnings, your discovered characteristics, habits, and experiences that
you failed to tell him/her before.
Activity 1.2
Sharing-Is-Caring
This time, you will have an idea of how well your family members know you by
letting each them write what they think your strengths and weaknesses are, as well as,
what they think makes you angry and happy. After the given time, look for the
common answers and discuss the result with them and with your teacher.
What I Have Learned
Modified True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If the
statement is wrong, change the underlined word/s with the correct answer.
Write your answer in a separate sheet.
1. Self-esteem is your evaluation of your own worth.
2. There are factors to identify the level of self-esteem of an individual namely:
own appearance; how satisfied you are in a relationship; and how you view your performance.
3. Self-Identity is your belief on your own abilities.
4. There are five (5) different ways that influenced self-efficacy beliefs. Those are
Performance Experiences, Vicarious Performances, Verbal Persuasion, Literal Performances, and the
Affective States & Physical Sensations
5. There are three (3) categories on how we reflect to improve ourselves, these
are: Self as Social Actor, Self as Conscience Agent, and Self as Autobiographical Author.
6. In Self, an individual, is expected to act and decide on his/her own.
7. Most people tend to decide based on the intuitions and available
information that could be a hindrance in making a wise decision.
8. Six Steps on How to Make a Rational Decision: Define the
Problem, Identify the criteria necessary to judge the multiple
options, Weight the criteria, generates alternatives, rate each
alternative on each criterion, and change the optimal decision.
What I Can Do
Time-To-Decide
You will need four other individuals to do this task to make a group of five. It may be
your siblings, parents, neighbors, etc. You are to imagine the following scenarios.
Make sure that each member of the group contributes on your decision-making process.
Part I
You and your friends are on a vacation and you all decided to ride a boat to go
to a remote island to stay there overnight. Each of you brought 3 objects which you think are
essential for your adventure. Everything was doing well during the trip until the winds grew stronger
and the waves got rougher—you were caught in a storm at sea! At that point, you were compelled to
decide to unload the boat to ease it from your weight for easier navigation. In total, you have brought
15 essential items. To make room in your boat, you would need to discard 12 and just leave three
items with you. The items you brought were: bottled water, firecracker, first aid kit, plastic bag with 3
inflatable floater, bag of blankets, box of sandwich, speaker, insect repellent, flashlight, compass,
bucket of beer, bunch of banana, Ziplock bag of cellphone, sunblock, a pair of slippers
Let each member justify his/her decision. Write
down your decision on a piece of paper.
Part II
You already have discarded 12 essential items. The storm got stronger, though, and the
boat could not possibly make it unless the other four jumps right into the stormy seas to
spare one person. Your group should decide who would stay on the boat. Each member
should
state his/her reason/s why he/she chose that person to be saved. Come up with a decision.
Justify your decision and write it on a piece of paper.
Assessment
1. How can you define adolescence?
a. It is a healthy, yet risky time of life.
b. The period wherein a young individual develops from a child into an adult.
c. The period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity
have been attained.
d. The period from birth to eight years old, is a time of remarkable growth with brain
development at its peak.
2. What best describes the word “Self”?
a. It is an emotional state wherein you evaluate yourself.
b. It is our sense of identity and of who we are as individual.
c. It is your beliefs in yourself to effectively achieve your most important goal.
d. It is how you are expected to act and decide on your own
3. Characteristics are best described as ____________.
a. Knowledge you have gained because you have done it already from the past.
b. Something you do repeatedly and regularly
c. Your features or own quality that made you a unique individual.
d. Your feeling of being worthy
4. Which of the following is being described by the statement: If your mood or emotion (e.g. shame)
and physical state (e.g. shaking) come together, it will affect your self-efficacy. If negative mood
connects with negative physical sensation the result will be negative and vice-versa.
a. Performance Experiences
b. The Affective States & Physical Sensations
c. Verbal Persuasion
d. Vicarious Performances
5. When you are portraying different roles and behaving for every type/set of people in front of us.
You are under what categories of improving yourself?
a. Self as Social Actor
b. Self as Autobiographical Author
c. Self as Motivated Agent
d. Decision Maker
6. When people act based on their purpose, it is under what categories of
improving oneself?
a. Decision Maker
b. Self as Social Actor
c. Self as Autobiographical Author
d. Self as Motivated Agent
7. Which of the following is being described by this statement: “It is about how
oneself is developed from his/her past, up to the present, and what he/she
will become in the future”?
a. Self as Social Actor
b. Self as Autobiographical Author
c. Self as Motivated Agent
d. Decision Make
8. Self-Efficacy is best described as ___________.
a. may change from time to time, depending on the situation we encounter
in our daily life
b. The self as a Reflective Project
c. The will to produce an effect on a specific thing. Your beliefs in yourself
to effectively achieved your most important goal
d. your skills or knowledge you have gained because you have done it
already from the past.
9. Most people tend to decide based on the _____________________ that could be
a hindrance in making a wise decision.
a. available information
b. both a & c
c. intuitions
d. none of the above
10.When you imagine yourself doing well then, most likely, it will happen.
a. Imaginal Performances
b. Performance Experiences
c. The Affective States & Physical Sensations
d. Verbal Persuasion
11.We can get more of our self-esteem from:
a. people who do not like us
b. people who matter to us the most
c. people who do not know who we are
d. people who like
12.The most realistic way to create high self-esteem is:
a. to be the best
b. to be great
c. to live a generally positive life
d. to win all the time
13.Overconfident and high self-esteem can lead to:
a. failure
b. self-efficacy
c. self-fulfillment
d. success
14.Can self-efficacy affect our self-esteem?
a. no
b. yes
c. maybe
d. all of the above
15.There are Six (6) suggested ways to make decision. Which of the following does
NOT belong to the group?
a. Define the Problem
b. Generates alternatives
c. Rate each alternative
d. Determine the severity
Additional Activities
You have succeeded in studying the lesson. Now you are to know more about yourself
by accomplishing the table.
Thank You
for listening!