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Probability of Union and Intersection of Events

1. The document defines probability as the likelihood of an event occurring based on outcomes of an experiment. Probability is expressed as a number between 0 and 1. 2. It discusses the objectives of defining experiments, events, and the union and intersection of events. The union of events includes outcomes that are in either event, while the intersection includes outcomes that are in both events. 3. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating the union and intersection of events using Venn diagrams. The cardinality or size of each event set is also determined.

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Joseph Forsuelo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
177 views

Probability of Union and Intersection of Events

1. The document defines probability as the likelihood of an event occurring based on outcomes of an experiment. Probability is expressed as a number between 0 and 1. 2. It discusses the objectives of defining experiments, events, and the union and intersection of events. The union of events includes outcomes that are in either event, while the intersection includes outcomes that are in both events. 3. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating the union and intersection of events using Venn diagrams. The cardinality or size of each event set is also determined.

Uploaded by

Joseph Forsuelo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability of Union

and Intersection of
Events
What is a Probability?
• Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning numerical
descriptions of how likely an event is to occur, or how likely it is
that a proposition is true. The probability of an event is a number
between 0 and 1, where, roughly speaking, 0 indicates the
impossibility of the event and 1 indicates certainty. The higher the
probability of an event, the more likely it is that the event will occur.
A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the
coin is fair, the two outcomes ("heads" and "tails") are both equally
probable; the probability of "heads" equals the probability of "tails";
and since no other outcomes are possible, the probability of either
"heads" or "tails" is 1/2 (which could also be written as 0.5 or 50%).
Objectives:

• Define experiment, event, the union of events, and the intersection of events
• Illustrate events, and union and the intersection of events.
• Solve word problems involving union of events and intersection of events
using the Venn Diagram.
Simple Test Recall

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of an experiment?

a. Jenny rolls two dice


b. Selecting a colored ball
c. Selecting a card from a deck of cards
d. Getting a head or tail after tossing a coin
Simple Test Recall

2. When you roll a die, what is the cardinality of the sample space?

a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
Simple Test Recall

3. Which of the following is an example of an event?

a. Tossing a coin three times


b. Choosing a month in a year
c. Landing on a one dot-faced side of a die
d. Rolling two dice at the same time
Simple Test Recall
4. The union of two events A and B is a set whose elements are the elements
found in A or in B or in both A and B. Based on the Venn Diagram below,
what is the union of event A and event B?
Given: Event A = {a,e,i,o} & Event B = {e,o,u}

a. A B = {o,e}
b. A B = {a,i,u}
c. A B = {a,e,I,o,u}
d. A B = {a,e,e,i,o,u}
Simple Test Recall
5. The intersection of two events A and B means the set of elements found both
in A and B. Using the Venn Diagram below, what is the intersection of event
A and event B?
Given: Event A = {a,e,i,o} & Event B = {e,o,u}

a. A B = {o,e}
b. A B = {a,i,u}
c. A B = {a,e,I,o,u}
d. A B = {a,e,e,i,o,u}
Definitions and terms

• Activities such as tossing a coin, or rolling a die are


called experiments. These could be repeated over and
over again which have well-defined results. While an
event is one or more outcomes of an experiment.
Example of this is when tossing a coin, “getting a head
or tail” is a possible event.
Definitions and terms

• The union of events is the collection of all


outcomes that are elements of one or the
other sets. It corresponds to combining
descriptions using the word “or” and
symbolized by “∪”.
Definitions and terms

• The intersection of events is the collection


of all outcomes that are elements common to
the sets. It corresponds to combining
descriptions using the word “and” and
symbolized by “∩”.
Definitions and terms

• A Venn diagram is a diagram that shows the


relationship between and among a finite
collection of sets. If we have two or more sets,
we can use it to show the logical relationship
among these sets as well as the cardinality of
those sets.
Definitions and terms

•The cardinality of a set is a


measure of a set's size, meaning the
number of elements in the set.
Examples

• Suppose you spin a roulette that contains the numbers 1-8. Let A = be
the event of landing in an odd number less than or equal to 7 and
• B = be the event of landing in an odd number greater than or equal to
5.
• Determine the (a) union and (b) intersection of events.
Solution

• Experiment - Spinning a roulette


• Sample Space (S) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 } → n(S) = 8
• Possible Outcomes = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Event Outcomes Cardinality


A 1, 3, 5, 7 N(A) = 4 elements

B 5, 7 N(B) = 2 elements
Answer
• Since event A have 4 outcomes and event B have 2 outcomes, which is A =
{1,3,5,7} and B = {3,7}
then
A B = {1, 3, 5, 7} write all the elements without repetition
and
A B = {5, 7} look for elements/ outcomes common to both events
Examples

• The social media


engagement survey of
Grade 10 Tagumeño
4
students are shown in the
Venn diagram below.
Given
• Let, F = be the event that students are engaged in
Facebook
• I = be the event that students are engaged in
Instagram
• Y = be the event that students are engaged in
Youtube
• A = be the event that students are not engaged in 4
Facebook or Instagram or Youtube
• B = be the event that students are engaged in
Youtube and in Instagram but not on Facebook
• C = be an event that students are engaged in
Facebook and in Youtube but never in Instagram
Solution
Sample Space (S)= { 20 students engaged in Facebook only,
3 students engaged in Facebook and
Youtube,
2 students engaged in Facebook and
Youtube and Instagram,
8 students engaged in Facebook and
Instagram,
5 Students engaged in Instagram only,
1 student engaged in Instagram and
Youtube, 4
4 students engaged in Youtube only,
7 students not engaged in Facebook or
Youtube and Instagram }

Cardinality n(S) 50
Possible Outcomes 20 + 3 + 2 + 8 + 5 + 1 + 4 + 7
Answer
• Let, F = be the event that students are engaged in
Facebook = 20 + 8 + 3 + 2 = 33
• I = be the event that students are engaged in
Instagram = 8 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 16
• Y = be the event that students are engaged in
Youtube = 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10
• A = be the event that students are not engaged in 4
Facebook or Instagram or Youtube = 7
• B = be the event that students are engaged in
Youtube and in Instagram but not on Facebook = 10
• C = be an event that students are engaged in
Facebook and in Youtube but never in Instagram =
27
Let’s Practice
• Determine the (a) union and (b) intersection of events of the following
sets of social media founders. Fill in each blank spaces.

Answer the following: Answer the following: Answer the following:


1. n(A) = _______ 1. A B = _______ 1. A B = _______
2. n(B) = _______ 2. n(A B) = _______ 2. n(A B) = _______
Refer to the definition of terms
Assignment:

Study the two different chats and find out the


Answer to each question.

Write your solution and answer to your notebook.

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