PR2 Kinds of Variables 2

KINDS OF
VARIABLES
MS. MOLINA G. RIZO

Teacher III
PRIMING ACTIVITY!
Directions: Watch the video and
answer the following questions?
1. What is variable?
2. What are the types of
variables?
3. Why variables are
important in conducting
research?
Video Clip
on Types
of
Variables
What is
variable?
A VARIABLE IS ANY ENTITY
THAT CAN TAKE ON
DIFFERENT VALUES ACROSS
INDIVIDUALS AND TIME.
Variables are things that we
measure, control, or manipulate
in research.
Variables in The measurement may be different

from everyday notions of measurement
research such as weight and temperature.
Measurement can involve merely

categorization (e.g. sex, country, etc.)
To assess the relationship
between variables in research,
we must be able to identify
each variable. Variables can be
Functions of classified as:
variables  Independent
 Dependent
 Moderator
 Control
 Intervening
Independent vs.
dependent variables
 In fact the independent variable is

what you (or nature) manipulates --
a treatment or program or cause.
The dependent variable is what is
affected by the independent
variable -- your effects or outcomes.
Independent
Variables
 The independent variable is the
major variable which you hope to
investigate. It is the variable which is
selected, manipulated, and measured
(its effect) by the researcher.
Examples:
1. The effect of your instruction on
reading scores of your students.
2. The effect of social class on
language use.
Dependent variable
 The dependent variable is the variable

which you observe and measure to
determine the effect of the independent
variable.
 In the previous examples, the reading
scores of your students and the use of
language would be the dependent
variable.
A moderator variable is a special type of
independent variable which you may select
for study in order to investigate whether it
modifies the relationship between the
dependent and independent variables.
Moderator
variable
Example, sex in the study of the effect of
instruction on students’ reading scores
 It is virtually impossible to include all
the potential variables in each study.
As a result, the researcher must
Control attempt to control, or neutralize, all
variables other extraneous variables that are
likely to have an effect on the
relationship between the independent,
dependent, and moderator variables.
Control variables, then, are those that
the researcher has chosen to keep
constant, neutralize, or otherwise
eliminate so that they will not have an
effect on the study.
Control
variables
Example, the effect of outside practice
on reading in the previous example.
Intervening variables are constructs
(other than the construct under study)
that may explain the relationship
between independent and dependent
variables but are not directly
Intervening observable themselves.
variables
We are somehow aware of their
effects, but we are not able to
account for them.
The relationship among variables
The Study
Independent Intervening Dependent

Variable(s) Variable(s) Variable(s)
Moderator
Variable(s)
Control
Variable(s)
To measure different variables, we have four
measurement scales:
Nominal Scale
Measurement Ordinal Scale

Scales
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale
Nominal Scale
 Nominal scale classifies persons or
objects into two or more categories.
Members of a category have a
common set of characteristics, and
each member may only belong to one
category. Other names: categorical,
discontinuous, dichotomous (only
two categories).
 Examples: Sex, Modalities
Ordinal Scale
Ordinal variables allow us to

rank order the items we
measure in terms of which has
less and which has more of the
quality represented by the
variable, but still they do not
allow us to say "how much
more.“
Example: Ranking students
Interval Scale
Not only rank order For example: students Interval scales normally have
performance on a an arbitrary minimum and
the items that are maximum point. A score of
measured, but also to spelling test A score of 16
zero in a spelling test does not
quantify and compare will be higher than 14 represent an absence of
and lower than 18 and spelling knowledge, nor does a
the sizes of differences
the difference between score of 20 represent perfect
between them. them is 2 points (equal spelling knowledge.
intervals).
Ratio Scale
Very similar to interval scale; has all the properties
of interval variables, it has absolute zero point.
Height, weight, speed, and distance are examples of
ratio scales. Measurements made with ratio scales
can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided.
For example, we can say that a person who runs a
mile in 5 minutes is twice as fast as a person who
runs the mile in 10 minutes. Because ratio scales are
often used in physical measurements (where absolute
zero exists), they are not often employed in
educational research and testing.
APPLICATION: GROUP
ACTIVITY
Directions: Identify the

independent, dependent and
control variables in the following
situations. Support your answer.
Group 1. Students of different
ages were given the same jigsaw
puzzle to put together. They
were timed to see how long it
took to finish the puzzle.
GROUP 2: An investigation was
done with an electromagnetic
system made from a battery and
wire wrapped around a nail.
Different sizes of nails were used.
The number of paper clips the
electromagnet could pick up was
measured.
Group 3. The higher the
temperature of water, the
faster an egg will boil.
GROUP 3. The
temperature of water was
measured at different
depths of a pond.
EVALUATION:
PART I. Directions: Identify the variables in the given
research title.
1. Organizational Commitment and Teaching Performance of

Elementary Teachers in the Division of Calamba City
Independent Variable: _________________________
Dependent Variable: ___________________________
EVALUATION:
2. Conceptual, Interpersonal and Technical Skills of
Bank Managers: Their Relationship to Operational
Efficiency
Independent Variable: __________________
Dependent Variable: ____________________
EVALUATION:
3. Increasing Mathematics Achievement

Through Contextualized and Localized Learning
Materials
Independent Variable: _____________
Dependent Variable: _______________
EVALUATION:
4. Relationship Between Hemoglobin
Concentration and Fresh Pork Quality
Characteristics
Independent Variable: _____________

Dependent Variable: _______________
EVALUATION:
5. Effectiveness of Exposing Students in
Classical Music on Reading Comprehension
Independent Variable: ____________
Dependent Variable: ______________
PART II: Directions: Identify if the given variable
is Nominal, Ordinal, Interval or Ratio.
1. Military title - ________________________________

2. Temperature in degrees Celsius - ________________________
3. Birthplace - ________________________
4. Year Level - ________________________
5. Favorite type of music - ________________________
6. Clothing such as hat, shirt, shoes - ________________________
7. Feeling for today - ________________________
8. Means of transportation to school - ________________________
9. A score in 5-item quiz in Math - ________________________
10. How internet is used at home - ________________________
HOME- BASED ACTIVITY
Directions: Based on the given dependent and independent
variables,formulate a research title.
1. Independent Variable : Learning Styles

Dependent Variable : Science Performance of Grade 10 Students
Research Title:________________________________________________________
2. Independent Variable : Fat Content
Dependent Variable : Quality of Ice Cream
Research Title: _________________________________________________________
3. Independent Variable : Blended Learning
Dependent Variable : Student Achievement in Social Studies
Research Title: _________________________________________________________
HOME- BASED ACTIVITY
Directions: Based on the given dependent and independent
variables,formulate a research title.
4. Independent Variable : Electronic, Video and Mobile Games

Dependent Variable : Social Development of Teenagers
Research Title: ____________________________________________
5. Independent Variable : Unionization

Dependent Variable : Distribution of Employee Earnings
Research Title: ____________________________________________

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KINDS OF

MS. MOLINA G. RIZO

Variables in The measurement may be different

Measurement can involve merely

 In fact the independent variable is

 The dependent variable is the variable

Independent Intervening Dependent

Measurement Ordinal Scale

Ordinal variables allow us to

Directions: Identify the

1. Organizational Commitment and Teaching Performance of

3. Increasing Mathematics Achievement

Independent Variable: _____________

1. Military title - ________________________________

1. Independent Variable : Learning Styles

4. Independent Variable : Electronic, Video and Mobile Games

5. Independent Variable : Unionization

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