Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit 1
Grain
► The single crystalline part of polycrystalline metal separated by similar entities by
a grain boundary.
Microstructure
►(Phases + defects + residual stress) & their distributions
► Structures requiring magnifications in the region of 100 to 1000 times OR
The distribution of phases and defects in a material.
The GIBBS PHASE RULE
• The phase rule connects the Degrees of Freedom, the number of
Components in a system and the number of Phases present in a
system via a simple equation.
• To understand the phase rule one must understand the variables in
the system along with the degrees of freedom.
Degrees of Freedom:
• It is also known as variance of system.
• It is defined as number of external or internal factors of the system
(temperature, pressure and concentration) that can be independently
changed without altering equilibrium i.e. without causing
disappearance of a phase or formation of a new phase in the system.
Contd…..
• For a system in equilibrium
•F=C-P+2
Where,
F – Degrees of Freedom
C – Number of Components
P – Number of Phases
• The digit 2 stands for these two variables – temperature and pressure.
• Gibb’s phase rule to the metal systems, the pressure is considered as remaining
fixed at one atmosphere. Thus, the effect of pressure is neglected, leaving only
one variable factor i.e. temperature.
• The phase rule equation then simplifies to F = C – P + 1
Unary phase diagram
• If a system consists of just one component(e.g.:water), equilibrium of
phases exists depicted by unary phase diagram. The component may
exist in different forms, thus variables here are–temperature and
pressure.
• The unary system wherein there is just one component.
BINARY ISOMORPHOUS SYSTEMS
Types of reactions in binary phase diagrams
Types of reactions in binary phase diagrams
Eutectoid Reaction
• In eutectoid system, a solid phase replaces
the liquid phase of eutectic system.
• The eutectoid system involves the
transformation of a solid phase into two
other solid phases on cooling and vice
versa, and expressed as
• γ (solid phase) → α+β (solid Phase).
• In the Fe-C system, there is a eutectoid
point at approximately 0.8wt% C, 723°C.
• Austenite –> ferrite + cementite (Fe3C)
Eutectoid Reaction
• The eutectoid reaction describes the
phase transformation of one solid into two
different solids.
• The phase just above the eutectoid
temperature for plain carbon steels is
known as austenite or gamma.
• We now consider what happens as this
phase is cooled through the eutectoid
temperature (723°C).
• Austenite –> ferrite + cementite (Fe3C)
Eutectoid Reaction
δ↔γ+ε
Peritectoid Reaction
Peritectoid phase diagrams involve transformation of two solid
phases into a different solid phase on cooling and vise versa.
γ + β phase → α solid Phase.
Peritectoid Reaction
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE
DIAGRAM
•A map of the temperature at which different phase changes occur on very slow heating and cooling in relation to Carbon, is called
how the properties of steels and cast irons can be radically changed by heat-treatment.
•
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE
DIAGRAM
• Its not a true equilibrium phase diagram because iron carbide is not a stable phase.
•Even at elevated temperature (like 700C), it will take several years for decomposition.
•Hence for all practical purpose Iron-Iron carbide phase diagram represents equilibrium changes.
Cooling curve for pure iron
• -austenite (FCC) -ferrite (BCC) d
Max solubility of C is 2.14 wt % Max solubility of BCC structure
-ferrite (BCC) C is 0.022 wt % Paramagnetic
Stableonly at high T g austenite
• -austenite
Max solubility of C is 0.10 wt % FCC structure
(FCC)
Non-magnetic
-ferrite (BCC) Max solubility of
ductile
Stableonly at high T C is 2.14 wt %
a ferrite
Max solubility of C is 0.10 wt %
-ferrite (BCC) BCC structure
Stable only at high T Ferromagnetic
Max solubility of C is 0.10 Fairly ductile
wt %
-ferrite (BCC)
Stable only at high T
Max solubility of C is
0.10 wt %
-austenite
(FCC)
Max solubility of
C is 2.14 wt %
-ferrite (BCC)
Max solubility of
C is 0.022 wt %
Fe3C cementite
Orthorhombic structure
Hard
brittle
Crystal
Phase Characteristics
structure
Ferrite BCC Soft, ductile, magnetic
Soft, moderate
Austenite FCC strength, non-
magnetic
Compound of Iron
Cementite & Carbon Fe3C Hard &brittle
• Ferrite is known as α solid solution.
• It is an interstitial solid solution of a small amount of carbon dissolved in α (BCC)
iron.
• stable form of iron below 912 deg.C
• The maximum solubility is 0.025 % C at 723C and it dissolves only 0.008 % C at
room temperature.
• It is the softest structure that appears on the diagram.
Average properties are:
Tensile strength = 40,000 psi;
Elongation = 40 % in 2 in;
Hardness > Rockwell C 0 or > Rockwell B 90
Pearlite is the eutectoid mixture containing 0.80 % C and is formed at
723°C on very slow cooling.
It is a very fine platelike or lamellar mixture of ferrite and cementite.
The white ferritic background or matrix contains thin plates of cementite
(dark).
Average properties are:
Tensile strength = 120,000 psi;
Elongation = 20 % in 2 in.;
Hardness = Rockwell C 20, Rockwell B 95-100, or BHN 250-
300.
Austenite is an interstitial solid solution of Carbon dissolved in
(F.C.C.) iron.
Maximum solubility is 2.0 % C at 1130°C.
High formability, most of heat treatments begin with this single phase.
It is normally not stable at room temperature. But, under certain
conditions it is possible to obtain austenite at room temperature.
Average properties are:
Tensile strength = 150,000 psi;
Elongation = 10 percent in 2 in.;
Hardness = Rockwell C 40, approx; and
toughness = high
Cementite or iron carbide, is very hard, brittle intermetallic compound
of iron & carbon, as Fe3C, contains 6.67 % C.
It is the hardest structure that appears on the diagram, exact melting
point unknown.
Its crystal structure is orthorhombic.
It is has
low tensile strength (approx. 5,000 psi), but
engineering importance).
• Carbon being a very small atom gets into the interstitial of ferrite/
austenite phases to form solid solution.