PHILIPPINE tourism,

geography & culture

PROF. BHON MARK A.
EDROSOLAN
 LESSON 1:chapter 1
Philippine’s Political
Geography
LESSON OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 
1. Recall Philippine political geography highlights
2. Identify major physical geography features of the country
3. Distinguish the political and physical geography highlights of the
Philippines.
4. Demonstrate 21st century skills in all learning activity
 The Philippines is an archipelago
of 7,641 islands. It stretches from
the south of China to the northern
tip of Borneo. The country has
over a hundred ethnic groups and
a mixture of foreign influences
which have molded a unique
Filipino culture.

TRIVIA
 Before the Spanish explorers
came, Indo-Malays and Chinese
merchants had settled here. In
1521, the Spaniards, led by
Ferdinand Magellan, discovered
the islands. The Spanish
conquistadores established a
colonial government in Cebu in
1565

TRIVIA
 . They transferred the seat of government
to Manila in 1571 and proceeded to
colonize the country. The Filipinos resisted
and waged Asia's first nationalist revolution
in 1896. On June 12, 1898, Emilio
Aguinaldo declared the Philippines
independent from Spain and proclaimed
himself president. After ruling for 333 years,
the Spaniards finally left in 1898 and were
replaced by the Americans who stayed for
48 years. On July 4, 1946, the Americans
recognized Philippine independence.

TRIVIA
 QUICK FACTS
Official Name Republic of the Philippines
(Republika ng Pilipinas)
Motto “ForGod, People, Nature and Country” Maka-Diyos, Maka- Tao,
Makakalikasan at Makabansa

Capital City of Manila

Siyudad ng Maynila
Official Language Filipino
Gentilic Pinoy (colloquial) Filipino (neutral/ masc)
Filipina (fem)
Government Republican presidential democratic state
 QUICK FACTS
Currency Philippine Peso (PhP)
Time Zone UTC+8 (PST)
Flag

Coat of Arms
International Boundary
The Philippine lies in the West Pacific Ocean and bounded by:
SEA BORDERS
South China Sea on the West

Philippine Sea on the East

Celebes Sea on the S.West

LUZON
MAP
VISAYAS
MAP
MINDANAO
MAP
PALAWAN
MAP
Social structure of the lowland Filipinos during Pre-Hispanic era

Maginoo
The Maginoo were the ruling class, the educated
class, the royal class, and the privileged class. It was from
this class that the Datu would come from. The Datu
is the leader of the community called a barangay.
Social structure of the lowland Filipinos during Pre-Hispanic era
Timawa
The freeman class known as the Timawa probably made up the bulk of the barangay
community. They were free. They could acquire property, acquire any job they want,
pick their own wives, and acquire an Alipin.

Alipin
The Alipin had the least rights. They are not exactly slaves in the traditional
sense, but they were indentured servants. Basically they served their master
who belonged to one of the classes above them. But it does not mean that
they did all the work in the barangay.
The Spanish Period
Spanish colonial motives were not,
however, strictly commercial. The Spanish
at first viewed the Philippines as a stepping-
stone to the riches of the East Indies (Spice
Islands), but, even after the Portuguese and
Dutch had foreclosed that possibility, the
Spanish still maintained their presence in
the archipelago.
 Notable events and personalities during the
Spanish Period
Ferdinand Magellan headed the first Spanish foray to the Philippines when he made
landfall on Cebu in March 1521; a short time later he met an untimely death on the
nearby island of Mactan.

King Philip II (for whom the islands are named) had dispatched three further
expeditions that ended in disaster, he sent out Miguel López de Legazpi, who
established the first permanent Spanish settlement, in Cebu, in 1565.
 Notable events and personalities during the
Spanish Period
The Spanish city of Manila was founded in 1571,
and by the end of the 16th century most of the
coastal and lowland are from Luzon to northern 
Mindanao were under Spanish control.
Friars marched with soldiers and soon accomplished the
nominal conversion to Roman Catholicism of all the local people
under Spanish administration. But the Muslims of Mindanao and
Sulu, whom the Spanish called Moros, were never completely
subdued by Spain.
 Notable events and personalities during the
Spanish Period
The first 100 years of Spanish reign led to the encomienda system
through a tax farming system adopted from the Americas but later
abolished during the end of 17th century due to the abusive
treatments of the ecomienderos.

Central government in Manila retained a medieval cast until the

19th century, and the governor-general was so powerful that he
was often likened to an independent monarch.
 Notable events and personalities during the
Spanish Period
Manila dominated the islands not only as the political
capital. The galleon trade with Acapulco, Mex., assured
Manila’s commercial primacy as well.

In the late 17th and 18th centuries the archbishop, who also had
the legal status of lieutenant governor, frequently won.
Augmenting their political power, religious orders, Roman
Catholic hospitals and schools, and bishops acquired great
wealth, mostly in land.
 Notable events and personalities during the
Spanish Period
Agricultural technology changed very slowly until the
late 18th century, as shifting cultivation gradually gave
way to more intensive sedentary farming, partly under
the guidance of the friars.

The datus and other representatives of the old noble class took advantage
of the introduction of the Western concept of absolute ownership of land
to claim as their own fields cultivated by their various retainers, even
though traditional land rights had been limited to usufruct. These heirs of
pre-Spanish nobility were known as the principalia and played an
important role in the friar-dominated local government.
 
 Notable events and personalities during the
Spanish Period
By the late 18th century, political and economic changes
in Europe were finally beginning to affect Spain and, thus,
the Philippines. Important as a stimulus to trade was the
gradual elimination of the monopoly enjoyed by the
galleon to Acapulco.
  By the late 18th century, political and economic changes in
Europe were finally beginning to affect Spain and, thus, the
Philippines. Important as a stimulus to trade was the
gradual elimination of the monopoly enjoyed by the galleon
to Acapulco.
 Notable events and personalities during the
Spanish Period
Not until 1863 was there public education in the
Philippines, and even then the church controlled the
curriculum. Less than one- fifth of those who went to
school could read and write Spanish, and far fewer could
speak it properly

The limited higher education in the colony was entirely

under clerical direction, but by the 1880s many sons of
the wealthy were sent to Europe to study. There,
nationalism and a passion for reform blossomed in the
liberal atmosphere. Out of this talented group of
overseas Filipino students arose what came to be
known as the Propaganda Movement.
 José Rizal, this movement’s most brilliant figure, produced two political novels—
Noli me tangere (1887; Touch Me Not) and El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of
Greed)—which had a wide impact in the Philippines. In 1892 Rizal returned
home and formed the La Liga Filipina, a modest reform-minded society, loyal to
Spain, that breathed no word of independence

But Rizal was quickly arrested by the overly fearful Spanish,

exiled to a remote island in the south, and finally executed
in 1896.

Shocked by the arrest of Rizal in 1892, these activists quickly formed

the Katipunan under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio, a self-
educated warehouseman. The Katipunan was dedicated to the
expulsion of the Spanish from the islands, and preparations were
made for armed revolt.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY: A PREVIEW

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-I4Bay5SXo
American Influences

GOVERNMENT EDUCATION RELIGION

INFRASTRUCTURE ENTERTAINMENT HEALTH AND SANITATION

American Influences

ATTITUDE CLOTHING FOOD

LIVELIHOOD LANGUAGE
Philippines Under World War 2
Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941, just ten
hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Initial aerial bombardment was followed by
landings of ground troops both north and south of Manila. The defending Philippine and
United States troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, who
had been recalled to active duty in the United States Army earlier in the year and was
designated commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Asia-Pacific region.
The aircraft of his command were destroyed; the naval forces were ordered to leave;
and because of the circumstances in the Pacific region, reinforcement and resupply of
his ground forces were impossible. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the
defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at
the entrance to Manila Bay. Manila, declared an open city to prevent its destruction,
was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942.
 Notable places associated during the World War II

THE MANILA HOTEL THE MANILA AMERICAN FORT SANTIAGO CORRIDOR ISLAND
CEMETERY
 Notable places associated during the World War II

MALINTA CHANNEL CAPAS NATIONAL MARKER, BATAAN DEATH DAMBANA NG

SHRINE, TARLAC MARCH KAGITINGAN, MT. SAMAT
BATAAN
Notable places associated during the World War II

DINALUPIHAN , BATAAN THE MCARTHUR LEYTE

LANDING MEMORIAL
NATIONAL PARK
 The End of World War 2 and the Fall of the Imperial
Japan in the Philippines
MacArthur's Allied forces landed on the island of Leyte on October 20, 1944,
accompanied by Osmeña, who had succeeded to the commonwealth presidency upon
the death of Quezon on August 1, 1944.
Landings then followed on the island of Mindoro and around the Lingayen Gulf on the
west side of Luzon, and the push toward Manila was initiated. Fighting was fierce,
particularly in the mountains of northern Luzon, where Japanese troops had retreated,
and in Manila, where they put up a last-ditch resistance. Guerrilla forces rose up
everywhere for the final offensive. Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on
September 2, 1945. The Philippines had suffered great loss of life and tremendous
physical destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had
been killed, a large proportion during the final months of the war, and Manila was
extensively damaged.
 
 SELF PROGRESS ACTIVITY

Advocacy Video Campaign

About the 7 Filipino values or 7 M’s (Maka-May Likha,
Makatao, Makakalikasan, Makabansa, Masayahin, May
Bayanihan, May Pag-asa) and how these can be applied
amidst coping with the COVID-19 crisis.