Solid State - Lecture 1 - 14-05-2021
Solid State - Lecture 1 - 14-05-2021
Solid State - Lecture 1 - 14-05-2021
90
Starts at
17th May 2021,
End at
26th June 2021
MASTER CLASS
TEACHER TEACHER
Solid State
L-1
Solid State
Solid State
General characteristics of solids
● Incompressible in nature
● High density
Classification of solids
Solids
C
C
A
A
Comparison between crystalline solids and amorphous solids
B Isotropic nature
C A true solid
B Isotropic nature
C A true solid
A Graphite (C)
C Chrome alum
D Silicon Carbide(SiC)
Let’s Solve!
A Graphite (C)
C Chrome alum
D Silicon Carbide(SiC)
Let’s Solve!
Q Which of the following is true about the value of refractive index of quartz glass ?
C Cannot be measured
D Always zero
Let’s Solve!
Q Which of the following is true about the value of refractive index of quartz glass ?
C Cannot be measured
D Always zero
Classification of crystalline solids
Ionic solids
Polar molecular solids
Metallic solids
● Properties :
○ Hard and brittle
○ High melting point
○ Poor thermal and electrical conduction in solid state
○ Electrical conductivity is seen in molten state.
● Examples : NaCl , KCl , CsCl , ZnS
Molecular solids
● Type : Polar molecular solids
● Properties :
○ Soft
○ Moderate melting point
○ Poor thermal and electrical conduction in
solid state
● Properties :
○ Soft
○ Low melting point
○ Poor thermal and electrical conduction in
solid state
● Examples : H2 , Cl2 , I2
Molecular solids
● Type : Hydrogen bonded molecular solids
● Properties :
○ Moderately high melting
○ Poor thermal and electrical
conduction in solid state
● Properties :
○ Soft to very hard
○ High melting point
○ Excellent conductor of heat
and electricity.
● Properties :
○ Soft to very hard
○ High melting point
○ Poor conductor of heat and electricity.
○ Exception : Diamond is the good conductor of heat and graphite is
the good conductor of electricity.
● Examples : Diamond , graphite
Covalent or network-like solids
Graphite Diamond
Let’s Solve!
B Brittle nature
D Anisotropic nature
Let’s Solve!
B Brittle nature
D Anisotropic nature
Unit cell and crystal lattice
Unit cell and crystal lattice
Crystalline solids can be studied based on smaller repeating units which form the complete
crystal.
Unit cell
The smallest possible GEOMETRICAL SHAPE which can act as a repeating unit for a
crystal.
Unit cell
The smallest possible GEOMETRICAL SHAPE which can act as a repeating unit for a
crystal.
Crystal lattice
When constituent particles are present only on the corner positions of a unit cell, it is
called as primitive unit cell.
Variations within a Crystal System
When a unit cell contains constituent particles present at the body centre and at the
corners of the unit cell, it is called a body-centred unit cell.
Variations within a Crystal System
When a unit cell contains constituent particles present at the centre of each face and at the
corners of the unit cell, it is called a face-centred unit cell.
Variations within a Crystal System
When a unit cell contains constituent particles present at the centre of end faces (as shown
in the figure) and at the corners of the unit cell, it is called an end-centred unit cell.
Seven Primitive Unit Cells and their Possible Variations as
Centred Unit Cells
Bravais lattice
There are 14 unit cells under 7 crystal system. These are called as Bravais lattice.
Contribution of Corner atom in a Cube
1 atom present at body centred contributing entirely in the unit cell. Hence its contribution
is 1
Contribution of Face centered atom in a cubic unit cell
1 atom present at each face centre, sharing with the face of another unit cell. Hence its
contribution is ½
Contribution of edge centered atom in a cubic unit cell
A B C D
no. of atoms 8 6 12 1
Contribution ⅛ ½ ¼ 1
No of effective atoms in
8×⅛=1 6×½=3 12 × ¼ = 3 1×1=1
1 unit cell
A B C D
no. of atoms 8 6 12 1
Contribution ⅛ ½ ¼ 1
No of effective atoms
6 × ⅛ = 6/8 3 × ½ = 3/2 3 × ¼ = 3/4 1×1=1
in 1 unit cell
A B C D
no. of atoms 8 6 12 1
Contribution ⅛ ½ ¼ 1
Atoms removed 2 0 1 0
Remaining 6 6 11 1
No of effective atoms
6 × ⅛ = 6/8 6×½=3 11 × ¼ = 11/4 1×1=1
in 1 unit cell
Packing for 3D
Packing for 3D
Packing fraction in 2D unit cell
1. Square packing
d c
2. Hexagonal packing
e d
a b
Packing fraction in 2D unit cell
2. Hexagonal packing
e d
Effective number of atoms in
1 unit cell = 1 + 6 × ⅓ = 3
f c
o
Area occupied by 1 atom = 𝝅R 2
In an ionic crystal, both cations and anions have different CN, depending upon their size.
Packing fraction (P.F) for 3D
In simple cubic unit cell, the contribution at each corner is 1/8 and there are total 8 corners.
1. Zeff in Simple cubic unit cell = 1/8 × 8 = 1 atom
Cubical unit cell
6. density (d)
Let’s Solve!
Density (d)
2
Cubical unit cell
Density (d)
4
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