PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY-II

UNIT-II MACHINE TOOLS

Lathe Machine
Parts:
1. Bed
2. Headstock
3. Tail stock
4. Carriage
5. Saddle
6. Cross Slide
7. Compound rest
8. Tool Post
9. Apron
10. Chuck
11. Feed rod
12. Lead Screw
13. Spindle
1. Bed:
The bed of the lathe machine is the base on which all the other parts of the lathe are
mounted. The bed is made from Cast iron or nickel cast iron alloy and is supported
on broad box-section columns.

Its upper surface is either scraped or grounded and the guiding and the sliding
surfaces are provided.

The bed consists of heavy metal slides running lengthwise, with ways or v’s forced
upon them. It is rigidly supported by cross girths.

The three major units mounted on a bed are:

i. Headstock.
ii. Tailstock.
iii. Carriage.
Lathe Bed And Guideways
Innerways and Outerways
2. Headstock
 2. Headstock
 The headstock is present on the left end of the bed.
 The main function of the headstock is to transmit power to the different parts of the lathe.
 It supports the main spindle in the bearing and aligns it properly.
 It also houses a necessary transmission mechanism with speed changing levers to obtain
different speeds.
Accessories mounted on the headstock spindle are:
1. Three jaw chuck.
2. Four jaw chuck.
3. Lathe center and lathe dog.
4. Collet chuck.
5. Face Plate.
6. Magnetic chuck.
• Relevance
 3. Tail stock
The tailstock is a movable casting located opposite to the headstock on the way of the bed.
The basic function of the tailstock is:
1. To support the other end of the work when being machined.
2. To hold a tool for performing operations like drilling, reaming, tapping, etc.
• It consists of the dead centers, the adjusting screws, and the hand-wheel.
• The body of the tailstock is adjustable on the base which is mounted on the
guideways of the bed and can be moved.
 4. Carriage

Carriage is located between headstock and tailstock.

The basic function of the carriage is to support, guide, and feed the tool against
the job during operation.

It consists of 5 main parts:

i. Saddle
ii. Cross Slide
iii. Compound rest
iv. Tool Post
v. Apron
 i. Saddle
• It is an H-shaped casting mounted on
the top of the lathe ways.
• It provides support to cross-slide,
compound rest, and tool post.

ii. Cross Slide

• Cross slide is provided with a female dovetail
on one side and assembled on the top of the
saddle with its male dovetail.
• The top surface of the cross slide is provided
with T slots to enable fixing of rear tool post or
coolant attachment.
• Carriage basically provides a mounted or
automatic cross-movement for the cutting tool.
iii. Compound rest
• Compound rest is present on the top of the cross slide.
• It supports the tool post and cutting tool in its various positions.
• Compound rest is necessary for turning angles and boring short tapers and forms on forming
tools.
iv. Tool Post
• The tool post is mounted on the compound rest.
• It is used to hold various cutting tool holders.
• The holders rest on a wedge which is shaped on the bottom to fit into a concave shaped ring
(segmental type),
Which permits the height of the cutting edge to be adjusted by tilting the tool.
• It is fixed on the top slide.
• It gets its movement by the movement of the saddle, cross slide, and top slide.

The three types of tool post which are commonly used are:
o Ring and rocker tool post: It consists of a circular tool post with a slot for
accommodating the tool or tool holder.
o Quick change tool post
o Squarehead tool post.
 v. Apron

• The Apron is fastened to the saddle and hangs over the front of the bed.
• Apron consists of the gears and clutches for transmitting motion from the feed rod to the
carriage, and the split nut which engages with the lead screw during cutting threads.

Two types of Apron are extensively used:

 Incorporating drop worm mechanism.
 Friction or dog clutches.
 vi. Chuck

• Chuck is basically used to hold the workpiece, particularly of short length and large
diameter or of irregular shape which can’t be conveniently mounted between centers.
• It can be attached to the lathe by screwing on the spindle nose.

Four different types of chucks are most commonly used in Lathe:

i. Independent or four-jaw chuck
ii. Three jaw or universal chuck
iii. Collect chuck and
iv. Magnetic Chuck
Independent or four-jaw chuck:
• It is used for irregular shapes, rough castings of square or
octagonal in such jobs, where a hole is to be positioned off the
center.
• It consists of four jaws and each jaw is independently actuated
and adjusted by a key for holding the job.

Three jaw or universal chuck:

• It consists of three jaws that move simultaneously by turning
a key and the workpiece automatically remains in the center
of the chuck opening.
• It is used for holding a round, hexagonal bar or other
symmetric work.
Collet chuck:
• It is mostly used in the places where production work is required such as
in Capstan Lathe or automats.
• It is used for holding the bars of small sizes (below 63mm).
Magnetic chuck:
They are of permanent magnet type or electrically operated.
In Lathe, it does not have widespread use.
Feed Rod:
Feed rod is a power transmission mechanism used for precise linear
movement of the carriage along the longitudinal axis of the lathe. In some
lathe machines instead of feed rod lead screws are used.

Lead screw:
The lead screw is used mostly in the case when the threading operation is to be
performed on a lathe. As we know for threading operation requires rotational
movement of the job (workpiece) and the linear movement of the tool (tool post).
So rotation of the job is obtained by the chuck and the desired linear motion of the
toolpost (as the lead screw drives the saddle when it is engaged) is provided with
the help of a lead screw.
Lathe Machine Types:
1. Engine Lathe or Center Lathe
2. Speed Lathe
3. Turret lathe
4. Capstan Lathe
5. Toolroom Lathe
6. Bench Lathe
7. Gap bed lathe
8. Hollow spindle Lathe
9. Vertical Turret Lathe and
10. CNC Lathe Machine.
 1. Engine Lathe or Center Lathe Machine:
• The engine lathe is the most important tool in the Lathe family and by far the most widely used type of Lathe machine.
• Its name is derived from the fact that early machine tools were driven by separate Engines or central engines with overhead
belts and shafts.
• The operations which can be performed by the Engine Lathe machine are Turning, facing, grooving, knurling, threading, and
many more operations that can be performed by it.

• Engine lathe consists of headstock, Tailstock, bed,

saddle, carriage and other parts.
• The headstock encloses the spindle and motor.
• It also consists of the gear and pulleys, which are used to
change the gear speed and the feed rate.
• The tailstock is provided to facilitate holding the work
between centers and permit the use of tools like drills, taps,
etc.
• The cutting tool can be fed both in the cross and
longitudinal direction with reference to the lathe axis with
the help of the feed rod and the lead screw.
• The Engine Lathe is available in sizes to handle to 1m
diameter jobs and 1 to 4m long.
Speed Lathe Machine:
• This is the simplest form of the lathe and consists of a simple Headstock, tailstock, and a
tool post.
• Having no gearbox, lead screw, and carriage.
• Very high speed of the headstock spindle.
• The speed of the spindle ranges from 1200 to 3600rpm.
• Tools are hand-operated.
• Cone-pulley is the only source provided for speed variation of the spindle.

Speed Lathes are intensively used in woodturning, metal spinning, and polishing operation.
Turret Lathe Machine:
• It is a production machine that is used for the production of products on a large scale.
• It basically handles heavy-duty workpieces.
• The distinguishing feature of this type of lathe is that the Tailstock is replaced by hexagonal Turret.
• In this, several tools are set up on a revolving turret to facilitate in performing a large number of operations on
a job with minimum wastage of time.

• The turret usually accommodates 6 tools for different

operations like drilling, countersinking, reaming, tapping, etc,
which can be brought into successively working positions by
indexing the turret.
• Turret lathe is basically used for repetitive batch
production.
Capstan Lathe Machine:
• It is similar to the Turret lathe.
• Used for the mass production of the light-duty
workpiece.
• It incorporates a capstan slide which moves on the
auxiliary slide and can be clamped in any position.
• This is best suited for the production of the small parts
because of its lightweight and short stroke of capstan
slide.
Tool Room lathe Machine:
• Tool Room lathe is a modern engine lathe that is equipped
with all the necessary accessories for the accurate tool room
work.
• It is best suited for the production of small tools, dies,
gauges, etc.
• It is a geared head driven machine with considerable rage in
spindle speed and feeds.
• Its speed can range from very low to a very high speed of up
to 2500 rpm.
Bench Lathe Machine:
• Bench Lathe machine is a type of small lathe machine
which has all the parts of the engine Lathe and speed
lathe.

• It is mounted on a workbench and is used for doing

small precision and light jobs.
Special purpose Lathe machine :
Special purpose lathe machine is used for performing the specific special tasks which cannot be performed by
an ordinary lathe.

Some type of special-purpose Lathe are as follow:

Gap bed lathe Machine:
• In gap bed lathe, a gap is provided over the bed near the
headstock to handle the job having flanges or some other
protruding parts.

• Mostly a removable portion is provided in the bed so that

when it is not required it can be inserted.

Wheel lathe Machine:

• Wheel lathes are a special-purpose lathe machine that is used
for finishing the journals and turning the tread on locomotive
wheels.
T- Lathe machine :
• T- Lathe machine is a type of machine which has a T shaped bed and is used in the aerospace
industry for the machining of the rotors of the jet engine.

Automatic Lathe Machine:

• As the name suggests automatic Lathe machine is a machine in which the complete work and
the job handling movements required for the completion of the job are done automatically.

• They are heavy-duty, mass production, and a high-speed machine.

CNC Lathe Machine:

• Computer Numeric Control (CNC) is the most advanced form of
the lathe machine.
• CNC lathe machine produces the most accurate products as
compared to the other type of lathe machine.
• In this machine, programs are being fed to the computer system
which controls the overall working of the lathe.
• It is used for large scale production. Semi-skilled workers are
required for the operation of this machine.
Different types of Lathe Machine Operation are:
Turning Operation
Tapered Turning 1. Compound Rest Method
2. Tailstock Method.
Shoulder Turning 3. Taper Turning Attachment method
Facing Operation 4. Form tool Method.

Thread cutting operation

Parting Operation 1. Square
Chamfering Operation 2. Beveled
3. Radius and
Knurling Operation 4. Undercut.
Drilling Operation
Boring Operation
Counter Boring Operation
Countersinking Operation and
Reaming Operation
Thread cutting operation:

• Thread cutting is a type of operation in which the threads are being cut on the
internal and the outer surface of the workpiece as per the requirement.

• In the thread cutting operation, only the automatic feed is

given.

• The automatic feed required for the thread cutting operation

is given by using a lead screw and the feed gearbox.

• 127 toothed gear is used for producing Metric threads on

engine Lathe.

• The feed of the lead screw has to be changed in order to get

the different pitch of thread on the job.

JOB SPEED: Job speed during threading is up to 1/4 of the job

speed during turning.
 Parting Operation:

Parting is an operation in which the deep groves are being made on the
parent material to remove the specific portion from the parent material
resulting in dividing the workpiece into two or more parts.

Chamfering Operation:
Chamfering is the operation of beveling the extreme end of a workpiece.
Chamfering is provided for:
1. Better look.

2. To enable the nut to pass freely on the threaded workpiece.

3. Remove burrs and

4. Protect the end of the workpiece from being damaged.

Chamfering is done usually after knurling, thread cutting, etc…

Knurling Operation:
• The process of making the surface of the workpiece rough by embossing
(impressing) a diamond-shaped regular pattern on the surface by making use of a
knurling tool is called a knurling operation.

Knurling is done at a lower speed and plenty of oil is used. Knurling provides an
effective gripping surface on a workpiece to prevent it from slipping when operated
with hand.
Drilling Operation:

Drilling operation is a type of machining operation which is used to

remove the material from the workpiece by making use of a drill
bit, which is held stationary in the Tailstock.

Finally creating a hole in the workpiece.

Drill bits are generally made up of high-speed steels and carbon

steels.

Boring Operation:
Boring is an internal turning operation used for enlarging the
existing holes by some amount.
 Lathe Machine Specification:

1. The length between the two centers

2. Height of the center
3. Swing Diameter over the bed
4. Maximum bar diameter

Other factors for the lathe specification are:

Tailstock sleeve travel.
Metric thread pitches.
Leadscrew Pitch.
Motor horsepower and RPM.
Shipping dimension: (length x width x height x weight).
Thank you