MODULE 1

• A machine tool is a stationary power-driven

machine, for example a lathe, miller, or grinder, that
is used for cutting, shaping, and finishing materials
by using a cutting tool.
Functions of a machine tool
• It transmits power from the prime mover (such as electric
motor) to the required location as and when necessary for
cutting or machining action.
• It provides necessary motions to accomplish cutting action.
• It supports and holds workpiece and other necessary devices,
such as cutting tool, coolant pipeline, etc.
• It also transmits cutting force and vibration to the ground.
• Classification of Machine Tools
According to purpose of use:
General Purpose Machine Tools
General-purpose machine tools are designed to
perform a great variety of machining operations with
a variety of workpieces.
Eg lathe
Single Purpose Machine Tools
This type of machine tool is designed to perform a
single operation but it can machine a number of the
workpiece
Eg Gear Hobbing Machines
According to direction of major axis:
• Horizontal – center lathe, horizontal boring
machine etc.
• Vertical – vertical lathe, vertical axis milling
machine etc.
• Inclined – (e.g. for transfer machines).
According to degree of automation:
• Non-automatic – e.g. center lathes, drilling
machines etc.
• Semi-automatic – capstan lathe, turret lathe,
hobbing machine etc.
• Automatic – e.g., CNC milling machine
• According to number of spindles:
• Single spindle – center lathes, capstan lathes,
milling machines etc.
• Multi spindle – multi spindle (2 to 8) lathes,
gang drilling machines etc.
 Lathe
• Lathe is one of the most versatile and widely used machine
tools all over the world
• known as the mother of all other machine tools
• The job is securely and rigidly held in the chuck or in between
centers on the lathe machine and then turn it against a single
point cutting tool which wi1l remove meta1 from the job in
the form of chips
• lathe can be used to carry out operations such as turning,
drilling, reaming, boring, taper turning, knurling, screw thread
cutting.
 CONSTRUCTION OF LATHE MACHINE
1. Bed
2. Head stock
3. Tailstock
4. Carriage
5. Feed
mechanism
6. Thread
cutting
mechanism
The bed of a lathe machine is the base on which supports all other
parts of lathe are mounted.
• Generally cast iron alloyed with nickel and chromium material is
used for manufacturing of the lathe bed
• On the top of the bed there are two sets of guideways-innerways
and outerways. The innerways provide sliding surfaces for the
tailstock and the outerways for the carriage. The guideways of the
lathe bed may be flat and inverted V shape.
Head Stock
• The main function of headstock is to transmit power to the
different parts of a lathe.
• It supports the work and revolves with the work, fitted into the
main spindle of the headstock.
• The cone pulley is also attached with this arrangement, which is
used to get various spindle speed through electric motor.
• The back gear arrangement is used for obtaining a wide range of
slower speeds.
Tail Stock
• support the circular job being turned on centers.
• carries a centre called dead centre for supporting one end of the
work.
• Dead centers have 60° conical points to fit centre holes in the
circular job, the other end
• tapering to allow for good fitting into the spindles.
• The dead centre can be mounted in ball bearing so that it rotates
with the job avoiding friction of the job with dead centre as it
important to hold heavy jobs.
Carriage
Carriage
• Carriage is mounted on the outer guide ways of lathe bed and it
can move in a direction parallel to the spindle axis. It comprises of
important parts such as apron, cross-slide, saddle,compound rest,
and tool post.
• The lower part of the carriage is termed the apron in which there
are gears to constitute apron mechanism for adjusting the
direction of the feed using clutch mechanism and the split half nut
for threading.
• The cross-slide is basically mounted on the carriage, which
generally travels at right angles to the spindle axis.
• On the cross-slide, a saddle is mounted in which the compound
rest is adjusted which can rotate and fix to any desired angle. The
compound rest slide is actuated by a screw, which rotates in a nut
fixed to the saddle.
• The tool post fits in a tee-slot in the compound rest and holds the
tool holder in place by the tool post screw.
• Feed Mechanism
• Feed mechanism is the combination of different units through which motion
of headstock spindle is transmitted to the carriage of lathe machine.
• 1. End of bed gearing
• 2. Feed gear box
• 3. Lead screw and feed rod
• 4. Apron mechanism
• The gearing at the end of bed transmits the rotary motion of headstock
spindle to the feed gear box. Through the feed gear box the motion is
further transmitted either to the feed shaft or lead screw, depending on
whether the lathe machine is being used for plain turning or screw cutting.
• The feed gear box contains a number of different sizes of gears. The feed
gear box provides a means to alter the rate of feed, and the ratio between
revolutions of the headstock spindle and the movement of carriage for
thread cutting by changing the speed of rotation of the feed rod or lead
screw.
• The apron is fitted to the saddle. It contains gears and clutches to transmit
motion from the feed rod to the carriage, and the half nut which engages
with the lead screw during cutting threads.
 Lathe operations and tools
• Turning -
1. Straight turning – Roughing(2-5 mm depth) and finishing cut (0.5 – 1 mm
depth of cut)
2. Taper turning - gradual reduction in diameter of cylindrical workpiece
Conicity K = (D-d)/L
Tapered surfaces follow standard tapers for interchangability. Standard taper
used for lathe centres, drills, milling cutter shanks are morse taper.
Taper turning methods
a. Taper turning by form tool
Broad form tool with straight cutting edge used.
Tool set onto work at half taper angle
For short length only
b. Setting over tailstock – axis of rotation of workpiece tilted by half taper
angle to the lathe axis by ofsetting tailstock. For small taper on long jobs.

c. Swivelling the compound rest - compound rest can be swivelled and

clamped at desired angle ( set at half taper angle). Feed given by hand
d. By taper attachment - taper attachment has a frame attached
to rear end of bed and support a guide bar pivoted at centre.
Bar have graduations and can be swivelled. Rear end of cross
slide connected to guide block which slide over guide bar.
3. Chamfering – bevelling ends of workpiece. Used to remove burrs, free
entry of nut after threading.

4. Thread cutting
• The principle of thread cutting is to produce a helical groove on a
cylindrical or conical surface by feeding the tool longitudinally when the
job is revolved between centres or by a chuck.
• The longitudinal feed should be equal to the pitch of the thread to be cut
per revolution of the work piece.
• This is affected by change gears arranged between the spindle and the
lead screw or by thechange gear.
Operation
Turn diameter to major diamter of thread. Change gears of
correct size are set. Depth of 0.05 to 0.2 mm given , lead
screw engaged and thread cut.
Tool withdrawn at end , half nut disengaged and tool brought
back to starting position. Chasing dial or thread indicator used
for accurate picking up of thread.
5. Facing
Machining ends of a workpiece.
Cut work to required length.
Tool fed perpendicular to axis of workpiece.
Cutting edge and workpiece to be at same height
6. Knurling
Embossing diamond pattern on work, to give effective gripping surface.
Knurling tool has set of hardenend steel rollers with teeth cut on their surface
Tool held on post and rollers pressed against work.
Done at slowest speed on lathe and sufficient oil used as coolant.
• Spinning
• Drilling
• Boring
Enlarging a hole produced by drilling
or casting.
Work revolved in chuck and tool on
tool post or work clamped on carriage
and tool supported by centres.
Boring bar with tool bit used to make
cut.
• Internal thread cutting
• Tapping
• Parting off
 Types of lathe
1. Speed lathe
2. Centre or engine lathe
3. Bench lathe
4. Tool room Lathe
5. Capstan and Turret lathe
6. Special purpose lathe
7. Automatic lathe
Speed lathe is simplest of all types of
lathes in construction and
operation. The important parts of
speed lathe are following-
(1) Bed
(2) Headstock
(3) Tailstock, and
(4) Tool post mounted on an
adjustable slide.
• It has no feed box, leadscrew or
conventional type of carriage.
• The tool is mounted on the
adjustable slide and is fed into the
work by hand control. The speed
lathe finds applications where
cutting force is least such as in
wood working, spinning, polishing.
• Centre Lathe or Engine Lathe
• The term “engine” is associated with this lathe due to the fact that
in the very early days of its development it was driven by steam
engine.
• most widely used lathe.
• The engine lathe has all the basic parts, e.g., bed, headstock, and
tailstock. But its headstock is much more robust in construction
and can drive the lathe spindle at multiple speeds.
• Unlike the speed lathe, the engine lathe can feed the cutting tool
both in cross and longitudinal direction with reference to the lathe
axis with the help of a carriage, feed rod and lead screw.
• Bench lathe is a small lathe usually mounted on a bench. It
has practically all the parts of an engine lathe or speed lathe
and it performs almost all the operations. This is used for
small and precision work.
Tool Room Lathe
• has features similar to an engine lathe but it is much more accurately
built.
• It has a wide range of spindle speeds ranging from a very low to a
quite high speed up to 2500 rpm.
• This lathe is mainly used for precision work on tools, dies, gauges and
in machining work where accuracy is needed.

Capstan and turret lathe

• Wider range of speed, heavier construction.
• Tailstock replaced by hexagonal turret than can hold multiple
tools
• Suitable to produce large number of identical parts in less time.
• different types of operations can be done on a job without re-
setting of work or tools
Setup:
• The workpiece is clamped in the chuck attached to the headstock spindle.
• The required tools are mounted on the turret and the cross-slide.

Indexing the Turret:

• The turret, which can hold multiple tools, is rotated or indexed to bring the
required tool into position.
• Each tool is preset for a specific operation like facing, turning, drilling, etc.

Machining Process:
• The spindle rotates the workpiece.
• The operator moves the carriage and cross-slide to bring the tool into contact with
the workpiece.
• The turret is indexed sequentially to perform different operations in a single setup
without changing tools manually.

Repetitive Operation:
• Once the sequence of operations is completed for one workpiece, the turret is
reset, and the next workpiece is loaded.
• This allows for high-speed production of identical parts with minimal downtime.
• Special Purpose Lathes
• These lathes are constructed for special purposes
and for jobs, which cannot be accommodated or
conveniently machined on a standard lathe.
• The wheel lathe is made for finishing the journals
and turning the tread on railroad car and locomotive
wheels.
• The gap bed lathe, in which a section of the bed
adjacent to the headstock is removable, is used to
swing extra-large-diameter pieces.
The T-lathe is used for machining of rotors for jet
engines. The bed of this lathe has T-shape.
Automatic Lathes
• These lathes are so designed that all the working and
job handling movements of the complete
manufacturing process for a job are done
automatically.
 Specifications of a lathe
• Height of centres measured from lathe bed
• Swing diameter over bed
• Length between centres
• Length of the bed
• width of bed
• range of spindle speeds
• number of feeds, range of thread that may be cut.
 ACCESSORIES AND ATTACHMENTS OF LATHE
• The important lathe accessories include centers, catch plates and
carriers, chucks, collets, face plates, angle plates, mandrels, and
rests. These are used either for holding and supporting the work or
for holding the tool.
• Attachments are additional equipments provided by the lathe
manufacturer along with the lathe, which can be used for specific
operations. The lathe attachment include stops, thread chasing dials,
milling attachment, grinding attachment, gear cutting attachment,
turret attachment and crank pin turning attachments and taper
turning attachment.
• Lathe centers
• The most common method of holding the job in a lathe is between
the two centers generally known as live centre (head stock centre)
and dead centre (tailstock centre). They are made of very hard
materials to resist deflection and wear and they are used to hold
and support the cylindrical jobs.
Driving dog and catch
plates
• These are used to drive a job
when it is held between two
centers. Carriers or driving
dogs are attached to the end of
the job by a setscrew
• Catch plates are either screwed
or bolted to the nose of the
headstock spindle. A projecting
pin from the catch plate or
carrier fits into the slot
provided in either of them.
This imparts a positive drive
between the lathe spindle and
job.
• Chucks
• It is basically attached to the headstock spindle of the lathe.
• The internal threads in the chuck fit on to the external threads
on the spindle nose.
• Short, cylindrical, hollow objects or those of irregular shapes,
which cannot be conveniently mounted between centers, are
easily and rigidly held in a chuck.

(1) Three jaws or universal – 3 Jaws slide simultaneously by equal

amount by rotating any one pinion. Suitable for round,
hexagonal jobs. Job is centred automatically and quickly.
(2) Four jaw independent chuck – Each jaws may be moved
independently. It has 4 jaws . Useful in setting up heavy and
irregular workpieces.
3) Magnetic chuck – For holding thin magnetic materials where
pressure of jaws may distort workpiece in case of ordinary
chuck.
• (4) Collet chuck – for quick setting and accurate centering.
Chuck has cylindrical bushing called collet with inside bore
similar to workpiece shape. It is made of spring steel and has
slots cut lengthwise on its
• circumference.
(5) Air or hydraulic chuck operated chuck – Operated by an air
cylinder mounted behind head stock spindle and rotates with
it. For mass production due to fast and effective gripping.
Face plate
• Face plates are employed for holding jobs, which
cannot be conveniently held between centers or
by chucks.
• Face plates consist of a circular disc bored out
and threaded to fit the nose of the lathe spindle.
• They have the radial, plain and T slots slots cut
into them, therefore nuts, bolts, clamps and
angles are used to hold the jobs on the face plate
Angle plates
• Angle plate is a cast iron plate having two faces
machined to make them absolutely at right
angles to each other.
• Holes and slots are provided on both faces so
that it may be clamped on a faceplate and can
hold the job or workpiece on the other face by
bolts and Clamps.
Mandrels
• A mandrel is a device used for holding and
rotating a hollow job that has been previously
drilled or bored. The job revolves with the
mandrel, which is mounted between two
centers.
• It is rotated by the lathe dog and the catch
plate and it drives the work by friction.
• Different types of mandrels are employed
according to specific requirements.
Rests
• A rest is a lathe device, which supports a long
slender job, when it is turned between
centers or by a chuck, at some intermediate
point to prevent bending of the job due to its
own weight and vibration set up due to the
cutting force that acts on it.
• The two types of rests commonly used for
supporting a long job in an engine lathe are
the steady or centre rest and the follower rest.
Cutting speed refers to the speed at which the tool point of the cutter moves with respect
to the work measured inmetres per minute.
• In turning, it is given by the surface speed of the work piece,
• V = π DoN in m/min
• where Do is the diameter of the work piece in meter
• N is the RPM of work or spindle speed

Feed – advancement of tool through the work piece in one rotation of spindle, ( mm/rev)

Depth of cut – distance by which tool penetrates in the work-piece (d, mm)
• (Do-Df)/2
• Df= dia of finished work piece
• Volume of material removes = length * width * depth of the chip

Material removal rate

• Cutting rate or MRR = volume / time
• MRR = v f d
• Where v = cutting speed;
• f = feed;
• d = depth of cut
 Shaper
• Reciprocating type machine tool to produce flat surfaces
Parts
• Base – Made of cast iron, take entire load of machine,
rigidly bolted to floor.
• Column – mounted on base, encloses ram driving
mechanism. Ram slides on guide ways machine on top of
column. Has guide ways on top and front surfaces
• Table – box shape structure with t slots to hold machine
vice. Has elevating table.
• Ram – move front and back on guide ways. Has tool head
on front. Handwheel gives feed to tool.
• Clapper box – Tool post is connected to it. Tool cuts only
on forward stroke. Clapper block hinged to it will lift up
and avoid cutting by tool during return stroke
• Cross feed handle – give cross feed to table
 Shaper size

• Specified by max length of stroke

• Size of a cube that can be held and planed
• Type of drive, power, floor space , weight ,
cutting to return ratio
 Shaper mechanisms
• The shaper mechanism should be so designed that it can
allow the ram to forward cutting stroke and during the return
stoke it can allow the ram to move at a faster rate to reduce
the idle return time. This mechanism is known as quick return
mechanism
• Crank and slotted link mechanism
• Motor runs the driving pinion at a uniform speed which
makes the bull gear to rotate.
• A slotted link having a long slot along its length is pivoted
about the point and sliding block is fitted inside the slot and
slides along the length of the slotted link.
• When the bull gear rotates, the sliding block slides and also
rotates in the crank pin circle.
• As the top of the slotted link is connected to the ram, the ram
reciprocates horizontally.
• As the angle covered by sliding block during return stroke is
smaller than the angle for forward stroke, the time taken for
the return stroke is less than that of forward stroke.
Adjustment of Stroke length and position of stroke shaping
machine
Whitworth quick return mechanism
• As the crank rotates, the pin attached to it moves within a
slotted lever.
• When the pin moves from one end of the slot to the other, it
causes the lever to oscillate. This oscillation moves the ram
back and forth.
• The crank pin moves within the slotted lever's slot, causing
the ram to advance slowly through a larger angle during the
cutting stroke and return rapidly through a smaller angle,
thereby reducing the non-cutting time and increasing
efficiency
• a hydraulic pump delivers oil at a constant
pressure to the line.
• The return stroke is quicker since the piston
area on which the oil pressure acts is greater
as compared to the other end for which area
reduced because of the piston rod
 Shaper operations
1. Machining horizontal surface – machine a flat
surface.Planing tool set with minimum overhang. Length and
position of stroke adjusted. Length of stroke to be 20mm
longer than work. For roughing cut, feed and depth(1.5 to 3
mm) is higher, speed is lower.
2. Machining vertical surface – to cut end of workpiece. Side
cutting tool is used. Apron is swivelled at an angle in
direction away from surface to be cut. It prevent tool
dragging on surface during return stroke
3. Angular surface – Vertical slide is swivelled from vertical
position. Apron is the swivelled away from work so that tool
will clear work on return stroke
4. Cutting slots and keyways
5. Machining splines or cutting gears
Automatic feed mechanism
• As the ram reaches the end of its forward stroke and begins the
return stroke, a lever or cam connected to the ram actuates the
pawl.
• The pawl pivots and engages with one of the teeth on the
ratchet wheel.
• The motion of the ram causes the pawl to push the ratchet
wheel forward by one or more teeth, depending on the feed
setting.
• The rotation of the ratchet wheel turns the feed screw.
• The rotation of the feed screw translates into linear motion,
incrementally moving the workpiece sideways or vertically,
depending on the machine setup.
• This positions the workpiece for the next cut.
• A spring resets the pawl to engage the next tooth on the ratchet
wheel as the ram completes its return stroke and starts the
forward stroke again.
DRILLING MACHINE
• Drilling is an operation of making a circular hole by removing a volume
of metal from the job by cutting tool called drill
• (i) The head containing electric motor, V-pulleys and V-belt which
transmit rotary
motion to the drill spindle at a number of speeds.
• (ii) Spindle is made up of alloy steel. It rotates as well as moves up and
down in a sleeve. A pinion engages a rack fixed onto the sleeve to
provide vertical up and down motion of the spindle
• (iii) Drill chuck is held at the end of the drill spindle and in turn it holds
the drill bit.
• (iv) Adjustable work piece table is supported on the column. It can be
moved both vertically and horizontally. Tables are generally having
slots so that the vise or the workpiece can be securely held on it.
• (v) Base table is a heavy casting and it supports the drill press
structure.
• (vi) Column is a vertical round or box section which rests on the base
and supports the head and the table.
 TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

(1) Portable drilling machine

(2) Sensitive drilling machine
(a) Bench mounting
(b) Floor mounting
(3) Upright drilling machine
(a) Round column section
(b) Box column section machine
(4) Radial drilling machine
(a) Plain
(b) Semiuniversal
(c) Universal
(5) Gang drilling machine
(6) Multiple spindle drilling machine
(7) Automatic drilling machine
(8) Deep hole drilling machine
(1) Portable drilling machine - small compact unit fitted with
small electric motor,used for drilling holes in worpieces in
any position

(2) Sensitive drilling machine - It is a small machine used for

drilling small holes in light jobs.
workpiece is mounted on the table and drill is fed into the
work by purely hand control.
High rotating speed of the drill and hand feed are the major
features of sensitive drilling machine.
As the operator senses the drilling action in the workpiece, at
any instant, it is called sensitive drilling machine.
(3) Upright drilling machine - larger and
heavier than a sensitive drilling
machine.
• designed for handling medium sized
workpieces and is supplied with power
feed arrangement
(4) Radial drilling machine –
heavy, round vertical column
supporting a horizontal
arm
Arm can be raised or lowered
on the column and can
also be swung
drill head containing
mechanism for rotating
and feeding the drill is
mounted on a radial arm
and can be moved
horizontally on the guide-
ways
The table of radial drilling
machine may also be
rotated through 360 deg
In a plain radial drilling machine,
provisions are made for following three
movements -
1. Vertical movement of the arm on the
column,
2. Horizontal movement of the drill head
along the arm, and
3. Circular movement of the arm in
horizontal plane about the vertical
column.
• In a semi universal drilling machine, in
addition to the above three
movements, the drill head can be
swung about a horizontal axis
perpendicular to the arm.
• In universal machine, an additional
rotatory movement of the arm holding
the drill head on a horizontal axis is also
provided
(5) Gang drilling machine
• a number of single spindle drilling machine columns are placed
side by side on a common base and have a common worktable.
A series of operation may be
• performed on the job by shifting the work from one position to
the other
Multiple-Spindle Drilling Machine –
to drill a number of holes in a job simultaneously.
has several spindles and all the spindles holding drills are fed
into the work simultaneously.
Body – portion between shank and drill bit tip
Shank – part that holds into the tool holder
Point – entire cone shaped portion at end of tool
Lips – main cutting edge formed by intersection of flute and flank surfaces
Chisel edge – point where two cutting lips meet at extreme tip
Chisel edge angle – angle between chisel edge and cutting lip measured in a
plane normal to surface
Flutes – grooves on surface of the drill
Face - portion of flute adjacent to lip
Tang – flattened end of shank to fit in a slot in spindle
Margin – narrow extension throughout entire body provides clearence
between drill and work material
Helix angle – angle made by leading edge of flute with drill axis.
Point angle – angle made by lips in side view. Ussually 118 degrees, higher
angle for harder steel alloys
Lip clearance angle – angle formed by flank and a plane at right angles to
drill axis
 OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON DRILLING MACHINE
• Drilling - This is the operation of making a circular hole by
removing a volume of metal from the job
• Reaming - This is the operation of sizing and finishing a hole
already made by a drill. Reaming is performed by means of a
cutting tool called reamer
• Boring – enlarging a hole by means of adjustable cutting tools
with only one cutting edge
• Counter-Boring - enlarging the end of a hole cylindrically
• Counter-Sinking - making a coneshaped enlargement of the
end of a hole, as for the recess for a flat head screw
• Spot-Facing - This is the operation of removing enough
material to provide a flat surface around a hole to
accommodate the head of a bolt or a nut
 Cutting forces in drilling

1. A force in the opposite direction to the actual drill rotation direction (torque)
2. Force in the opposite direction to the direction of feed (thrust force)
Factors Affecting Cutting Forces
• Material Properties:
– Harder materials require higher cutting forces.
– Material ductility and toughness also affect the ease of chip formation.
• Drill Bit Geometry:
– Point angle, helix angle, and lip relief angle influence the cutting forces.
– Sharp tools reduce cutting forces, while worn tools increase them.
• Cutting Conditions:
– Higher feed rates and lower spindle speeds increase cutting forces.
– Lubrication and cooling can help reduce forces and improve tool life.
Cutting forces can be measured using dynamometers, which provide real-time
data on the forces experienced during drilling.
 Work holding devices
1. T bolts and clamps – clamps or straps made of mild steel
made to rest horizontally on the work surface and a clamping
block, T bolt pass through strap and nut is tightened.
Types of clamps are
Plain slot clamp – mild steel flat with a central hole for t bolt to
pass
Goose neck clamp –to hold work of sufficient height
Finger clamp – have flat extensions that fit in the hole of a work
piece for clamping
Adjustable step clamp – has a screw
at one end used to level the
clamp when its other end rests on
workpiece
2. Drill press vise – for small and regular
sized work piece.
• Work clamped between fixed and
movable jaw. Parallel blocks placed below
work so that drill may pass completely
through work without damaging the
table.
• Plain type and universal type
• For universal type base may be tilted to
drill holes in different angles
3. Step blocks – used with t
bolts and clamps.
Stepped block give
support at one end of
clamp.

4. V block – for holding round

workpieces. Work supported on
two or three blocks and clamped
by straps and bolts
5. Angle plates
6. Drill jigs – For holding work in a mass
production. They can hold work securely,
locate the work and guide the tool. Work can
be clamped and unclamped easily. Holes may
be drilled at same position on each
workpieces.
 Tool holding devices

Spindle
spindle bored out to a standard taper (1:20) to receive the taper
shank of the tool.
While fitting the tool, the shank of the drill (or any other tool) is
forced into the tapered hole and the tool is gripped by
friction.
To ensure a positive drive, the tang of the tool fits into a slot at
the end of the taper hole
Sleeve
If the shank of the tool is smaller than the taper in the spindle
hole, a taper sleeve is used.
The outside taper of the sleeve conforms to the spindle taper
and the inside taper holds the shanks of the smaller size tools.
The sleeve has a flattened end or tang which fits into the slot of
the spindle.
Drill socket
Drill sockets are much longer in size than the drill
sleeves. A socket consists of a solid shank
attached to the end of a cylindrical body
Socket to provides more flexibility when adapting to
various taper sizes of drill shank

Drill chuck
The chucks are especially intended for holding smaller
size drills are any other tools.
The drill chuck has a taper shank which fits into the
taper hole of the spindle.
 Reamers
• Tool for enlarging or finishing a hole previously drilled hole
to give good finish and accurate dimension
• Multi toothed cutter that remove small amount of material
1. Chucking reamer with parallel or taper shank (fluted)
• Has short parallel cutting edges with bevel lead
• Flutes are straight but shank may be straight or taper
• For use in a drill press, turret lathe or screw cutting
machine
• It is driven at low and entire cutting is done along the flutes
3. Machine jig reamer
• Has short parallel cutting edges
• Flutes are helical
• Has a guide length after taper shank
that fits into bushing of jig
• Diameter varies from 7 to 50 mm
4. Parallel hand reamer
• Has parallel cutting edge with taper
• Shank has same diameter as cutting
edges
• Flutes may be straight or helical
• Has square tang and intended to be
hand driven by removing minimum
metal
5. Taper pin reamer
• Hand or machine driven
• Has taper cutting edges for
holes to suit pins with taper
of 1 in 50.
• Has parallel or taper shank
6. Expansion reamer
• Can accommodate small
variation in hole size
• Blades can be expanded out
or contracted inside by
adjusting clamping nut and
adjusting plug
 Boring Machines
• used to enlarge or finish holes
• For large and heavy parts which cannot be held on a drilling
machine or lathe
• Machining engine blocks, gearboxes, and large castings
• Work is supported on table, tool rotate on the boring bar
• For heavy irregular workpieces
• Can perform boring, reaming, turning, threading, milling with suitable
tools
•Work is mounted on table • For handling long work pieces
•Table can be moved • Coloumns are seperated
•Headstock can be moved • Coloumn can be moved to adjust
vertically on coloumn different length workpieces
•Spindle can be given horizontal • Table moves on bed at right
feed angles to spindle
•Do not have table
•Floor plate with t slots used to hold work
•Work cannot be moved, feed given by
moving spindle
•For holding large and heavy work pieces
•Table supported on long bed
•Table can reciprocate
•Have multiple headstocks
•Machining operations performed
simultaneously at different work surfaces
• Extremely Rigid parts to resist deflection and vibration, low thermal
expansion, accurate locating of holes
Vertical milling type jig boring machine
Planer type boring machine

Operated in temperature controlled room to avoid thermal expansion

Vertical milling type – spindle rotates on a coloumn, table has cross and
longtitudinal movement
Planer type – tabel has reciprocating movement, spindle can have cross
movement onaa cross rail.
Slotter, Planer - self study topics