Machine Tools

• Machine tool is power driven machine

used for making the components of
desired shape, size accuracy, and surface
finish by removing material from
workpiece.
• Machine tools
1.Metal cutting machine tool:
The machine tool used for making the component
of desired shape ,size,accuracy and surface finish
by removing the some ammount of the material
from workpiece in the form of chips.
i. Lathe machine
ii.Drilling machine
iiiShaping machine
iv.Milling machine.
2.Surface finishing machine tools
The machine tools used for imparting the good
surface finish and high dimensional accuracy to
components with negligible removal of the
material.
i. Grinding machine
ii.Honing machine
iii.Lapping machine.
iv.Polishing machine
 Lathe Machine Operation

•Lathe machine is a machine tool basically used for

removing the undesirable material, In the form of the
chips, from the cylindrical surface.
 Production of Cylindrical Surface

• cylindrical
surface : If the
cutting tool moves
parallel to the axis
of rotation of the
workpiece, the
cylindrical surface
is produced .
 Production of Flat Surface

Flat surface : If
the cutting tool
moves
perpendicular to
the axis of rotation
of the work piece,
the flat surface is
produced .
Block Diagram of Lathe
 Basic Elements
• Bed
• Headstock
• Tailstock
• Carriage
• Lead Screw
• Feed Drive
 Bed
• Support all other elements of lathe
• Two guideways.for sliding of saddle.
Bed
 Headstock

• Locate at left hand end of the lathe.

• Functions of Headstock
i. To support the spindle
ii.To house the main drive.
• Spindle : spindle is hollow rotating shaft used for
holding workpiece.chuck is mounted on spindle.
• Main drive is to drive the spindle and to change the
spindle speed. Powered by Electric motor.
• Main drive is gear box.
Headstock
 Tailstock
• Locate at right hand end of the lathe bed.
• Moves along the guideways on lathe bed.
• Function
i.)to hold the the dead centre which can support
the long work piece during machining.
ii.)To hold the tools like drills ,reamer, tap for
operations like drilling,reaming,taping.
Tailstock
 Carriage
• Located between headstock and tailstock.
• It slides along the guideways on the lathe bed.
• Functions:
i. To hold the cutting tool.
ii.To give longitudinal and cross feed to the cutting tool.
Parts:
i)Saddle
ii)Apron
iii)Cross-Slide
iv)Compund Rest
v)Tool Post
carriage
Carriage
carriage
Tool Post
Three jaw chuck

- For holding cylindrical

stock centered.
- For facing/center drilling
the end of your aluminum
stock

Four-Jaw Chuck

- This is independent chuck

generally has four jaws , which
are adjusted individually on
the chuck face by means of
adjusting screws
 lead screw

• Function of lead screw :

• It is used for giving the mechanized motion
to the carriage for cutting threads on the
workpiece.
• The split nut in the apron mechanism
engages with the lead screw. The rotary
motion of the lead screw is converted into
the linear motion of the split nut and the
carriage.
Lead Screw
 Lathe Operations
1.Turning
2.Eccentric Turning
3.Taper Turning
4.Facing
5.Chamfering
6.Grooving
7.Parting
8.Knurling
9.Drilling
10. Boring
11.Thread Cutting
 Turning
• Turning is the process of removing the material
from the cylindrical surface of the workpiece to
reduce its diameter .
• In turning operation, the tool motion is
longitudinal i.e. parallel to the axis of the lathe
spindle.
• The tool used for the turning operation is called
turning tool.
Turning
 Eccentric Turning

• Eccentric Turning is the process of removing the

material from the cylindrical surface of the workpiece
to reduce its diameter about an axis offset from the
axis of the workpiece .
• In eccentric turning, the turned part is eccentric to the
remaining part of the original workpiece. This can be
achieved by holding the workpiece in four-jaw chuck
with the axis of workpiece offset from the axis of the
lathe spindle.
Eccentric Turning
 Taper Turning
• Taper Turning is the process of uniformly
reducing the diameter of the workpiece along its
length .
• In taper turning, the cutting tool is moved at an
angle to the axis of the workpiece by using compound
slide.
Taper Turning
 Facing

• Facing is the process of removing the material from

the end surface or face of work piece .
• The facing operation produces a flat surface.
• The facing operation is used for reducing the length
of the work piece.
• In facing operation, the tool motion is perpendicular
to the axis of the lathe spindle.
• The tool used for the facing operation is called facing
tool.
Facing
 Chamfering
• Chamfering is the process of bevelling the sharp ends
of a workpiece
• Chamfering is provided :
(i)for avoiding the injuries to the persons handling the
finished products.
(ii)for aesthetic look to the finished product.
• The tool used for chamfering operation is called
chamfering tool.
Chamfering
 Grooving

• Grooving is the process of providing a narrow groove

on the cylindrical surface of the workpiece

• In grooving operation, the shape of the tool is

reproduced on the workpiece; hence, this process is
also known as form turning operation.
Grooving
 Parting
• Parting is the process of cutting a workpiece
into two parts .
• The tool used for parting operation is called
parting tool.
Parting
 Knurling

• Knurling is the process of embossing a diamond

shaped regular pattern on the surface of the
workpiece using a tool called knurling tool .
• Knurling serves the following Two purposes :
(i)It provides a non-slip grip on the surface.
(ii) It gives decorative look.
Knurling
 Drilling

• Drilling is the process producing a cylindrical

hole in the workpiece .
 Boring
• Boring is the process of enlarging the already
existing hole in the workpiece.
• The tool used for boring operation is called the
boring tool.
Boring
 Thread cutting
• Thread cutting is the process of producing a helical groove of
V or 'square' shape on a cylindrical surface .
• The tool used for threading operation is called thread cutting
tool.
• In threading operation, the tool motion is longitudinal i.e.
parallel to the axis of the lathe spindle. For one rotation of
workpiece, the tool automatically (mechanically) travels by a
distance equal to the pitch of the threads.
• The definite relation between the rotary motion of the
workpiece and the linear motion of the tool is achieved by
engaging the carriage with the lead screw.
Thread Cutting
Speed Lathe

•Simple
•Headstock, tailstock and
tool post mounted on a lathe
bed.
•Not having gearbox, lead
screw and carriage
•Headstock having cone
pulley for a speed variation.
•Spindle speed is much
higher than that in other
conventional lathes. (speed
lathe)
•Used for wood working,
metal polishing and metal
spinning.
Bench Lathe

• Small, light weight and a

low power lathe mounted
on bench.
• Used for machining of
small workpieces.
Centre Lathe
Tool Room Lathe

• Wide range of spindle

speeds
• High dimensional accuracy
• Costlier than centre lathe.
• Equipped with all
accessories and
attachments.
• Used for manufacturing of
small tools, fixtures,
gauges, dies and precision
parts of all types.
Tool Room Lathe
Medium Production Lathe- Turret Lathe
 High Production Lathe
• Large volume of the single variety of the
component is to be produced
• Automatic lathe
• High Cost
Special Purpose Lathe Machine

Vertical Turret
Lathe

•Horizontal rotary table for

mounting of workpiece
•Turret in vertical plane for
mounting the tools.
•Used for heavy parts.
Double-Vertical Turret Lathe
Special Purpose Lathe Machine

• Gap Lathe
Lathe Operations