Aphorism 1

సూక్తు లు, సామెతలు, చాటు పద్యాలు, నీతివాక్యం, నానుడి, చట్ట పరమైన లోకోక్తి, సంక్షిప్త మైన సూత్రం, అందరికి తెలిసిన
నిజం,
పొ డుపుకధ, సామెత చెప్పినట్టు , సామజికకట్టు బాటు, ఆచారం , సనాతన ధర్మం
Aphorism
A short pithy concise and full of meaning instructive sayings
Professor & Lawyer
Puttu Guru Prasad
B.Com., L.L.B., PGDFTM., DSRM.,
DIRM.,DIPS., LL.M., M.Com., M.B.A.,
M.Phil.,
AP.SET., ICFAI CMF., (PhD) at JNTUK.,
Senior Faculty for Management Sciences,
S&H Department, VVIT, Nambur, Guntur
An Aphorism means a
Pithy Observation that
contains a General
Truth.
LEGAL Aphorism:
 An aphorism (from Greek ἀφορισμός: aphorismos, denoting
'delimitation', 'distinction', and 'definition') is a concise, terse, laconic,
or memorable expression of a general truth or principle.
 They are often handed down by tradition from generation to
generation.
 The concept is distinct from those of an adage, brocard, chiasmus,
epigram, maxim (legal or philosophical), principle, proverb, and
saying; some of these concepts are species of aphorism.
ADAGE:- A condensed but memorable saying embodying some important fact of
experience that is taken as true by many people
Laconic, Terse:- Brief and to the point; effectively cut short
 The philosophy of Understanding the capacities of people is
clearly depicted in the below picture.
1. The sponsor wants to donate a swing chair in the children’s

park,
2. and finally how it was executed by the project people,
3. and really what the user wanted, all are different from each
other.
LEGAL RAZORS
In Legal philosophy, a razor is a principle or rule of thumb that allows one to
eliminate ("shave off") unlikely explanations for a phenomenon, or avoid
unnecessary actions.
Razors include:
1. Occam's razor: Simpler explanations are more likely to be correct; avoid

unnecessary or improbable assumptions.
2. Hanlon's razor: Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately
explained by stupidity.
3. Hitchens' razor: "What can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed
without evidence."
OCCAM’S RAZOR
PITHY =Concise and full of meaning
A short pithy instructive saying
By
Professor & Lawyer Puttu Guru Prasad
Occam’s Razor
The principle of Occam’s Razor states that you should use the
minimum amount of entities (things); the simplest methods are
often the best.
Occam's razor, Ockham's razor, Ocham's razor or law of parsimony
is the problem-solving principle that "entities should not be
multiplied without necessity.
Parsimony=Extreme care in spending money; reluctance to spend money unnecessarily

William of Occam (or Ockham)
•Occam’s Razor was attributed to a

Medieval philosopher, William of
Occam.
•Occam, France was the village that
William was born in.
•William used this philosophical
thinking method often, therefore it
was named after him.
Keep it simple
“Shave off” the extra information with Occam’s Razor.
Occam's razor simply states that of any given set of
explanations for an event occurring, the simplest one is most
likely the correct one.
Occam's razor makes no absolute assertions.
It does not claim that the simplest answer is always correct.
Some examples of Occam's razor
1. One of the fence posts is broken.
Of possible explanations a) An albino moose, lost on its quest for its squirrel best
friend, crashed through the fence in despair, or b) An old nail rusted through, "b" is
more likely.
2. A student failed the statistics test.
Of possible explanations a) The student needed to study harder, or b) Malicious
textbook publishers put wrong answers in the study guide in hopes of sabotaging
future statisticians, explanation "a" is more likely.
3. A man has sent several text messages to his wife over the course of a day, and she has not
responded.
Of possible explanations a) her phone ran out of battery, or b) she is maliciously
ignoring him in revenge for an error on his part that he cannot remember,
explanation "a" is more likely.
white albino moose
Hitchens’s-razor
Hitchens's razor is an epistemological razor expressed by writer Christopher
Hitchens.
It says that the burden of proof regarding the truthfulness of a claim lies with
the one who makes the claim;
if this burden is not met, then the claim is unfounded, and its opponents need
not argue further in order to dismiss it.
Hitchens has phrased the razor in writing as

"What can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without
evidence”.
Hanlon's razor
Hanlon's razor is an aphorism,
"Never attribute to malice that which is adequately
explained by stupidity",
known in several other forms.
It is a philosophical razor that suggests a way of
eliminating unlikely explanations for human
behavior.
( MALICE-Feeling a need to see others suffer)
Why Hanlon’s Razor is Valuable
Whatever the exact origins, the principle is sound because it aids in better
thinking. Better thinking aids in better judgment and decision making. Better
judgment and decision making aid in better action.
Hanlon’s Razor is and effective check on a tendency that we humans have: to
quickly judge that something bad that happens to us is the result of an intentional
evil action.
Think of any time someone has cut you off while you’re driving on the road. The usual reaction
is to judge that person to be a Stupid, inconsiderate, and terrible. But most of the time, that
person was barely aware of you or anyone else on the road near them. They were acting out of
ignorance, not intentionally to cut you off, but merely to get where they were trying to go.
Your judgment does nothing but make you angry, and thus more likely to do
something quick and ill-conceived yourself.
Broadly speaking, even when something bad happens to you that you know someone else did
— don’t assume that it was done to you specifically, or that the person meant anything by it.
Sagan standard
The Sagan standard is an
aphorism which says that
"extraordinary claims require
extraordinary evidence" (ECREE)
Alder's razor
"what cannot be settled by

experiment is not worth
debating".
Presumption of innocence
"Presumption of innocence" serves to emphasize that the
prosecution has the obligation to prove each element of the offense
beyond a reasonable doubt (or some other level of proof depending
on the criminal justice system) and that the accused bears no burden
of proof.
This is often expressed in the phrase "innocent until proven guilty",
coined by the British barrister Sir William Garrow (1760–1840) during
a 1791 trial at the Old Bailey. Garrow insisted that accusers be
robustly tested in court.
సామెతలు లేదా లోకోక్తు లు
 సామెతలు ప్రసంగానికి దీపాల్లాంటివి. అవి సంభాషణకు కాంతినిస్తా యి. సామెతలో ధ్వని
ఉంటుంది. ప్రసంగోచితంగా ఒక సామెతను ప్రయోగిస్తే పాలల్లో పంచదార కలిపినట్లుంటుంది.
సామెతలు సూత్రప్రాయంగా చిన్న వాక్యాలుగా ఉంటాయి. ఇవి ఒక జాతి నాగరికతను చెప్పకనే
చెబుతుంటాయి. ఇవి పూర్వుల అనుభవ సారాన్ని తెలియజేసే అమృత గుళికలు ("ఆకలి రుచి
ఎరుగదు. నిద్ర సుఖమెరుగదు"). పండితులకు, పామరులకూ పెట్టని భూషణాలు ("ఊరక రారు
మహానుభావులు"). సామెతలు ఒక నీతిని సూచింపవచ్చును ("క్షేత్రమెరిగి విత్తనం వెయ్యాలి,
పాత్రమెరిగి దానం చేయాలి"). ఒక అనుభవ సారాన్ని, భావమును స్ఫురింపజేయవచ్చును ("ఓడలు
బళ్ళవుతాయి, బళ్ళు ఓడలవుతాయి", "కడివెడు గుమ్మడి కాయైనా కత్తిపీటకు లోకువే"). ఒక
సందర్భములో సంశయమును నివారించవచ్చును ("అందానికి కొన్న సొమ్ము అక్కరకు
పనికొస్తుంది"). వ్యక్తు లను కార్యోన్ముఖులను చేయవచ్చును ("మనసుంటే మార్గముంటుంది")
ప్రమాదమును హెచ్చరించవచ్చును ("చిన్న పామునైనా పెద్దకర్రతో కొట్టా లి"). వాదనకు
ముక్తా యింపు పాడవచ్చును ("తాంబూలాలిచ్చేశాను తన్నుకు చావండి"). హాస్యాన్ని పంచవచ్చును
(“ఆడవారి మాటలకు అర్ధా లే వేరులే").
సూక్తు లు, సామెతలు, చాటు పద్యాలు, నీతివాక్యం, నానుడి,
చట్టపరమైన లోకోక్తి, సంక్షిప్తమైన సూత్రం, అందరికి తెలిసిన నిజం, సామెత
చెప్పినట్టు , సామజికకట్టు బాటు, ఆచారం , సనాతన ధర్మం
Aphorism
("ఆకలి రుచి ఎరుగదు. నిద్ర సుఖమెరుగదు")
("ఊరక రారు మహానుభావులు").
("క్షేత్రమెరిగి విత్తనం వెయ్యాలి, పాత్రమెరిగి దానం చేయాలి")
("ఓడలు బళ్ళవుతాయి, బళ్ళు ఓడలవుతాయి",)
("కడివెడు గుమ్మడి కాయైనా కత్తిపీటకు లోకువే")
("అందానికి కొన్న సొమ్ము అక్కరకు పనికొస్తుంది").
("చిన్న పామునైనా పెద్దకర్రతో కొట్టా లి").
("తాంబూలాలిచ్చేశాను తన్నుకు చావండి")
(ఆడవారి మాటలకు అర్ధా లే వేరులే)
("ఆకలి రుచి ఎరుగదు. నిద్ర సుఖమెరుగదు")
("ఊరక రారు మహానుభావులు").
("క్షేత్రమెరిగి విత్తనం వెయ్యాలి, పాత్రమెరిగి దానం చేయాలి")
("ఓడలు బళ్ళవుతాయి, బళ్ళు ఓడలవుతాయి",)
("కడివెడు గుమ్మడి కాయైనా కత్తిపీటకు లోకువే")
("అందానికి కొన్న సొమ్ము అక్కరకు పనికొస్తుంది").
("చిన్న పామునైనా పెద్దకర్రతో కొట్టా లి").
("తాంబూలాలిచ్చేశాను తన్నుకు చావండి")
(ఆడవారి మాటలకు అర్ధా లే వేరులే)

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సూక్తు లు, సామెతలు, చాటు పద్యాలు, నీతివాక్యం, నానుడి, చట్ట పరమైన లోకోక్తి, సంక్షిప్త మైన సూత్రం, అందరికి తెలిసిన

1. The sponsor wants to donate a swing chair in the children’s

2. and finally how it was executed by the project people,

1. Occam's razor: Simpler explanations are more likely to be correct; avoid

A short pithy instructive saying

Parsimony=Extreme care in spending money; reluctance to spend money unnecessarily

•Occam’s Razor was attributed to a

Hitchens has phrased the razor in writing as

"what cannot be settled by

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