O M

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L GY
MA LO
NI I O
A II ( B
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A S
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BY:- D,BEHERA
• Animals are classified on the basis of
arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of
coelom, pattern of digestive, circulatory and
reproductive system.
• Incomplete digestive system has one opening but
complete digestive system has two opening-
mouth and anus.
• Open circulatory system- blood is pumped out of
heart and cells and tissue are directly bathed in
it.
• Closed circulatory system- blood is circulated
through arteries, veins and capillaries.
• Animals are classified on the basis of common fundamental
features like the cellular arrangement, symmetry of the
body, presence or absence of the coelom, specific features
of the digestive, circulatory and reproductive system
• Cellular level of organisation: cells arranged as loose
aggregates, present in Porifera (sponges)
• Tissue level of organisation: cells performing the same
function form tissues, present in coelenterates
• Organ level of organisation: tissues grouped together to
form an organ, which performs particular function, e.g.
Platyhelminthes
• Organ system level of organisation: afew organs
coordinatively perform a certain physiological function, e.g.
Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms and Chordates
• Diploblastic: embryo with two germinal layers
called external ectoderm and internal
endoderm, e.g. Porifera, Cnidaria
• Triploblastic: embryo with three germinal
layers, mesoderm between ectoderm and
endoderm, e.g. Platyhelminthes to Chordates
• Asymmetrical: no line of symmetry in the body,
e.g. sponges
• Radial symmetry: any plane passing through
centre divides the body in two symmetrical halves,
e.g. coelenterates, ctenophores
• Bilateral symmetry: a plane divides the body in
symmetrical left and right halves, e.g. annelids,
arthropods, etc.
• Echinoderms exhibit radial as well as bilateral
symmetry at different stages of their life
 Coelom
• Body cavity between the body wall and gut wall, lined
by mesoderm is called coelom
• Acoelomates: body cavity is absent, e.g.
Platyhelminthes
• Pseudocoelomates: mesoderm is present as scattered
pouches, e.g. Aschelminthes
• Coelomates: having coelom (body cavity) e.g. from
Annelida to Chordata
• Earthworm’s body shows metameric segmentation
• Animals with notochord are called chordates, animals
without notochord are called non-chordates, e.g.
Porifera to Echinodermata
• the circulatory system may be of two types:-
(i) open type in which the blood is pumped
out of the heart and the cells and tissues are
directly bathed in it
• (ii) closed type in which the blood is
circulated through a series of vessels of
varying diameters (arteries, veins and
capillaries).
 Segmentation
• In some animals, the body is externally and
internally divided into segments with a serial
repetition of at least some organs.
• For example, in earthworm, the body shows
this pattern called metameric segmentation
and the phenomenon is known as
metamerism.
 Notochord

• Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like

structure formed on the dorsal side during
embryonic development in some animals.
Animals with notochord are called chordates
and those animals which do not form this
structure are called non-chordates, e.g.,
porifera to echinoderms.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
 Phylum – Porifera (Sponges
• Marine, asymmetrical with the cellular level of organisation
• Food intake, gaseous exchange and excretion occurs through the
water transport system
• Water enters through pores called Ostia and goes out through
osculum via central cavity known as spongocoel
• Spongocoel is lined by collar cells or choanocytes
• Intracellular digestion
• Body skeleton is made up of spongin fibres or spicules
• Sponges are hermaphrodite
• Reproduce asexually by fragmentation and sexually by the formation
of gametes
• Fertilisation is internal and the development of zygote goes through a
distinct larval stage
• Examples: Spongilla (freshwater sponge), Euspongia (bath
sponge), Sycon
Euspongia
Sycon
 Phylum – Coelenterata (cnidaria
• Aquatic, sessile or free-swimming, tissue level of organisation,
diploblastic and radially symmetrical and acoelomate
• The central gastro-vascular cavity has a single opening called
hypostome, which is surrounded by sensory tentacles
• Cnidoblasts are present on the tentacles, which contain nematocysts
• Digestion is extracellular and intracellular
• Corals have calcium carbonate skeleton
• A polyp is a sessile and cylindrical form, e.g Hydra, Adamsia
• Medusa is an umbrella-shaped free-swimming form,
e.g. Aurelia (jellyfish)
• In some coelenterates, e.g. Obelia alternation of generation
(metagenesis) exist. Polyp form produces medusae asexually and
medusae produce polyp sexually
• Examples: Meandrina (Brain coral), Adamsia (Sea anemone),
Gorgonia (Sea-fan), Physalia (Portuguese man of war)
Meandrina
Physalia (Portuguese man of war)
Obelia
Gorgonia
Phylum – Ctenophora (sea walnuts or comb
jellies)
• Marine, tissue level of organisation, diploblastic and
radially symmetrical and acoelomate
• Eight rows of ciliated comb plates present externally
• Digestion is extracellular and intracellular
• Bioluminescence is present
• Hermaphrodite
• Sexual reproduction, fertilisation is external with
indirect development
• Examples: Ctenoplana, Pleurobrachia
Pleurobrachia
Phylum – Platyhelminthes (flatworms
• Mostly endoparasites, dorsoventrally flattened body,
triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, acoelomate with
organ level of organisation
• Hooks and suckers are present in parasites
• Flame cells are present, which help in osmoregulation
and excretion
• Hermaphrodite or monoecious
• Internal fertilisation and indirect development through
many larval stages
• Planaria can regenerate
• Examples: Fasciola (Liver fluke), Taenia (tapeworm)
Fasciola(Liver fluke), Taenia (tapeworm)
 Phylum – Aschelminthes

• Free-living or parasitic, aquatic or terrestrial

• Round body in cross-section, bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic, pseudocoelomate with organ system
organisation
• The alimentary canal is complete and has a muscular
pharynx
• Dioecious, females are longer than males
• Internal fertilisation with direct or indirect development
• Examples: Ascaris (roundworm), Wuchereria (Filarial
worm), Ancylostoma (hookworm)
Wuchereria (Filarialworm),Ancylostoma (hookworm)
 Phylum – Annelida

• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, organ system

organisation
• Metamerically segmented
• Longitudinal and circular muscles help in locomotion
• Nereis, an aquatic animal has appendages called parapodia, which
help in swimming
• Closed circulatory system
• Nephridia is present for osmoregulation and excretion
• Paired ganglia are present, which are connected to double ventral
nerve cord by lateral nerves
• Reproduction is sexual. Nereis is dioecious, earthworm and leeches are
monoecious
• Examples: Pheretima (earthworm), Nereis, Hirudinaria (bloodsucking
leech)
Pheretima (earthworm)
Nereis
Hirudinaria 
(bloodsucki
ng leech)
 Phylum – Arthropoda
• Largest phylum with two-thirds of all known animals
• It contains insects
• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, organ system organisation
• Their body is covered by chitinous exoskeleton
• The characteristic property of the group is jointed legs
• Their body can be divided into three regions; head, thorax and abdomen
• Respiration is by trachea, gills, book gills, book lungs
• The circulatory system is open type
• Statocyst or balancing organs are present
• Eyes are simple or compound
• Malpighian tubules help in excretion
• Mostly dioecious, oviparous and fertilisation is internal
• Examples: economically important species- Bombyx (silkworm), Apis (honey
bee) Vector for diseases- mosquitoes like Anopheles, Aedes, Culex.Living
fossil- Limulus (King crab)
COCKROACH
 Phylum – Mollusca
• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, organ
system organisation
• Unsegmented body covered with a calcareous shell
• Distinct head, muscular foot and the visceral hump is
present
• Respiratory and excretory functions are executed by
feather-like gills
• The radula is a rasping organ for feeding
• They are dioecious, oviparous with indirect
development
• Examples: Pila (apple snail), Octopus (devilfish),
Loligo (squid), Sepia (cuttlefish), Pinctada (pearl
oyster)
PILA
Octopus
SEPIA
Pinctada (pearl oyster)
 Phylum – Echinodermata
• Adult- radially symmetrical, larvae- bilaterally
symmetrical
• Triploblastic and coelomate
• Endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles
• The mouth is present on the ventral side and anus on the
dorsal side
• The characteristic feature is the presence of Water
vascular system, which helps in feeding, locomotion and
respiration
• Dioecious, external fertilisation with indirect
development
• Examples: Asterias (starfish), Ophiura (brittle
star), Antedon (sea lily), Echinus (sea urchin)
Asterias (starfish), Ophiura
Antedon (sea lily), Echinus (sea urchin)
 Phylum – Hemichordata

• Presence of stomochord, a structure similar to the

notochord
• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, organ
system organisation
• Cylindrical body with a proboscis, a collar and a long
trunk
• Gills are present and circulation is open type
• Proboscis gland works as an excretory organ
• Dioecious, external fertilisation with indirect
development
• Examples: Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus
Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus
 Phylum – Chordata
• Characteristic features are a dorsal hollow nerve cord,
a notochord and paired gill slits
• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, organ
system organisation
• The circulatory system is closed and the post-anal tail
is present
• Three subphylums come under Chordata:
– Urochordata/Tunicata– notochord present only in the
larval tail, e.g. Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum
– Cephalochordata– notochord present throughout life from
head to tail, e.g. Branchiostoma (Lancelet or amphioxus)
– Vertebrata– Notochord is present in the embryonic stage, it
gets replaced by Vertebral Column
• Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata
are often referred to as protochordates
• They are exclusively marine.
• In Urochordata, notochord is present only in
larval tail, while in Cephalochordata, it extends
from head to tail region and is persistent
throughout their life.
 Vertebrata
• Vertebrata is further divided into two divisions
– Agnatha (without jaws): Class Cyclostomata
– Gnathostomata (with jaws): has two Super Class:
• Pisces (bear fins): two Classes- Chondrichthyes,
Osteichthyes
• Tetrapoda (bear limbs): four classes- Amphibia,
Reptilia, Aves and mammals
 Class I – Cyclostomata (Circular Mouthed Fishes)
• Characterised by circular and sucking mouth without
jaws
• Ectoparasites on fishes
• 6-15 pairs of gill slits
• Scales and fins are absent
• Cartilaginous vertebral column and cranium
• Closed type circulation
• Marine but migrate to freshwater for spawning where
they die, larvae after metamorphosis come back to the
ocean
• Examples: Petromyzon (Lamprey), Myxine (Hagfish)
Myxine (Hagfish)

Petromyzon
Class II – Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes)
• Cartilaginous endoskeleton, the mouth is on the ventral side
• Gill is without operculum
• The notochord is present throughout life
• Placoid scales are present on the skin which makes it tough
• It swims constantly to avoid sinking as air bladders are absent
• Two chambered heart and poikilothermous (cold-blooded)
• Separate sexes, internal fertilisation and many are viviparous
• Claspers are present on male’s pelvic fin
• Electric organs are present in Torpedo and Trygon has poison
sting
• Examples: Scoliodon (Dogfish), Trygon (Stingray), Pristis (Sawfi
sh), Carcharodon (Great white shark)
Trygon (Stingray)
Pristis (Sawfish),
Carcharodon (Great white shark)
Class III – Osteichthyes (Bony fishes)
• Streamlined body, bony endoskeleton, 4 pairs of gills
with operculum
• Skin is covered by cycloid scales
• Two chambered heart and air bladder for buoyancy,
poikilothermous
• Sexes are separate, oviparous, external fertilisation with
direct development
• Examples: Marine- Hippocampus (Sea
horse), Exocoetus (Flying fish)
• Freshwater- Labeo (Rohu), Clarias (Magur), Catla (Katla)
• Aquarium- Betta (Fighting Fish), Pterophyllum (Angelfish)
Hippocampus (Sea horse)
Exocoetus (Flying fish)
Labeo (Rohu)
Clarias (Magur)

Catla (Katla)
 Class – Amphibia
• Amphibians can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats .
• Most of them have two pairs of limbs. Body is divisible into head and
trunk. Tail may be present in some.
• The amphibian skin is moist (without scales).
• The eyes have eyelids.
• A tympanum represents the ear.
• Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a
common chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior.
• Respiration is by gills, lungs and through skin.
• The heart is threechambered .
• These are cold-blooded animals.
• Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is external. They are oviparous and
development is indirect.
• Examples: Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog), Salamandra
(Salamander), Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia).
Rana (Frog),

Bufo (Toad), Hyla (Tree frog),

Salamandra (Salamander),
Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia).
 Class – Reptilia
• The class name refers to their creeping or crawling mode of
locomotion.
• They are mostly terrestrial animals and their body is covered by dry
and cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes .
• They do not have external ear openings. Tympanum represents ear.
• Heart is usually three-chambered, but four-chambered in
crocodiles.
• Reptiles are poikilotherms. Snakes and lizards shed their scales as
skin cast.
• Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is internal. They are oviparous and
development is direct.
• Examples: Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree
lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator
(Alligator). Hemidactylus (Wall lizard), Poisonous snakes – Naja
(Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), Vipera (Viper).
Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise)
 Class – Aves
• The characteristic features of Aves (birds) are the presence of feathers and most of
them can fly except flightless birds (e.g., Ostrich).
• They possess beak.
• The forelimbs are modified into wings.
• The hind limbs generally have scales and are modified for walking, swimming or
clasping the tree branches.
• Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland at the base of the tail.
• Endoskeleton is fully ossified (bony) and the long bones are hollow with air cavities
(pneumatic).
• The digestive tract of birds has additional chambers, the crop and gizzard.
• Heart is completely fourchambered.
• They are warm-blooded (homoiothermous) animals, i.e., they are able to maintain
a constant body temperature.
• Respiration is by lungs. Air sacs connected to lungs supplement respiration.
• Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is internal. They are oviparous and development is
direct.
• Examples : Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio (Ostrich),
Pavo (Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin), Neophron (Vulture).
Corvus (Crow),
Struthio (Ostrich),
Neophron (Vulture).
 Class – Mammalia
• They are found in a variety of habitats – polar ice caps, deserts, mountains, forests,
grasslands and dark caves.
• Some of them have adapted to fly or live in water.
• The most unique mammalian characteristic is the presence of milk producing glands
(mammary glands) by which the young ones are nourished.
• They have two pairs of limbs, adapted for walking, running, climbing, burrowing,
swimming or flying.
• The skin of mammals is unique in possessing hair.
• External ears or pinnae are present. Different types of teeth are present in the jaw.
• Heart is fourchambered. They are homoiothermous.
• Respiration is by lungs.
• Sexes are separate and fertilisation is internal. They are viviparous with few
exceptions and development is direct.
• Examples: Oviparous- Ornithorhynchus (Platypus); Viviparous - Macropus
(Kangaroo), Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus (Camel), Macaca (Monkey), Rattus (Rat),
Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant), Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common
dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue whale), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).
Ornithorhynchus (Platypus);
Pteropus (Flying fox),
important is the presence of air
bladder in Pisces
Modifications that help birds to fly