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    Experiment 2: RC Filters Diodes

    Uploaded by

    Swag Broski
    This document describes experiments with RC filters and diodes. It discusses RC filter applications including high-pass, low-pass, and band-pass filters. It covers RC circuit theory including the capacitor, time response to square waves, and frequency response. Circuits for high-pass and low-pass filters are shown along with their frequency responses. Diode characteristics such as the I-V curve and switching behavior are examined. Methods for measuring and analyzing diode data are also presented.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Experiment 2: RC Filters Diodes

    Uploaded by

    Swag Broski
    20 views26 pages
    This document describes experiments with RC filters and diodes. It discusses RC filter applications including high-pass, low-pass, and band-pass filters. It covers RC circuit theory including the capacitor, time response to square waves, and frequency response. Circuits for high-pass and low-pass filters are shown along with their frequency responses. Diode characteristics such as the I-V curve and switching behavior are examined. Methods for measuring and analyzing diode data are also presented.

    Original Title

    352-2

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    This document describes experiments with RC filters and diodes. It discusses RC filter applications including high-pass, low-pass, and band-pass filters. It covers RC circuit theory including the capacitor, time response to square waves, and frequency response. Circuits for high-pass and low-pass filters are shown along with their frequency responses. Diode characteristics such as the I-V curve and switching behavior are examined. Methods for measuring and analyzing diode data are also presented.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    20 views26 pages

    Experiment 2: RC Filters Diodes

    Uploaded by

    Swag Broski
    This document describes experiments with RC filters and diodes. It discusses RC filter applications including high-pass, low-pass, and band-pass filters. It covers RC circuit theory including the capacitor, time response to square waves, and frequency response. Circuits for high-pass and low-pass filters are shown along with their frequency responses. Diode characteristics such as the I-V curve and switching behavior are examined. Methods for measuring and analyzing diode data are also presented.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Experiment 2

     RC Filters
     Diodes
    Filter - Applications
     Separate Signals and Noises by Frequency
     Block the DC; Pass the AC (High Pass)
    - Oscilloscope ac coupling
    - AC coupled multistage amplifiers
     Bandwidth Limiting; Pass the Audio (Band Pass)
    - DSL filter
    - Reduce noise
     Integration or Differentiation
    - Response to square wave
     Selective Amplification and Tuning
    - Radio
    Theory - RC Circuit
     Capacitor
    - Charge storage device
     Time Response – Square wave, scope
    - Q  I  dt
     V1
    J1 R1

    Key = Space 10kohm

    V  Q /C 10V C1
    1.0uF
    I  (V 1  V ) / R
    V  V1 (1  e t / RC )
     Frequency Response – Sine wave, Bode plot
    - Zc=1/jC
    - Angular frequency
    - Semilog Bode plot
    - -3dB point
    • dB = 10 log (Pout/Pin)
    • V-3dB = 0.707 Vmax
    Circuits - RC Filters
     High Pass

     Low Pass
    1
     RC Time Constant f 
    2RC
    - Choose R > 1 k to avoid loading the
    function generator
    - Pick C from stock
    - Calculate R
     Simulations – Time and frequency
    Formula
     High Pass
    vo R 1 1 j L
        e
    vin R  1 j C 1  j L  1   L2 /  2

     Low Pass
    vo 1 j C 1 1 j H
        e
    vin R  1 j C 1  j  H 1   2 / H2
     Angular Frequency
    Frequency Response
    High Pass

    Low Pass

    Semilog Bode Plot


    Phase Difference
     There is a frequency-dependent phase
    difference between input and output.
    Time Response
    High Pass
    Differentiator

    Low Pass
    Integrator
    Curve Fitting
    Summary - RC Filters
     Low Pass Filter – Integration
    - Averaging
    - Noise reduction
    - Elimination of transient
     High Pass Filter – Differentiation
    - Timing reference
     RC Time Constant
     Frequency Response
     Time Response
    Other Filters
     Bandpass Filter
    - High pass and low pass in cascade
    - Throughput efficiency
     Active Filters
     Digital Filters
     Microwave Filters
     Optical Filters
    Diodes
     Physics of the pn Junction
     Current Flow
    - Forward bias
    - Reverse bias
     Diode Rectifier
    - I V characteristics
    - Switching characteristics
     Zener Diode
     Light Emitting Diode
    I versus V
    I  I s (e v / VT  1)
     Forward bias
    - 0.7 V turn-on, low resistance
    - Resistance, r1  dv
    d
    dI

    I
    V
    s

    T
    e 
    I
    v / VT

    V T

     Reverse bias
    - Reverse saturation current IS<< A
    - High resistance until avalanche breakdown
     Power dissipation
    - I·V
    Curve Tracer

    Socket
    Menu
    Measure I-V
     Manual Measurement
    - Measure diode voltage and
    resistor voltage
    - Calculate current
    - Vary power supply voltage
     Range of Interest
    - Forward bias: 0-75 mA
    - Reverse bias
    Fixed Voltage Source

    Key = a 50%
    500K_LIN

    100ohm
    10V

    1N4001GP

    Two voltage measurements; calculate current


    Range of current adjustments?
    Automatic Measurement
     Function Generator
    - 10 Hz, traiangular, 10 V pp
     Oscilloscope
    - Adjust scale
    - Averaging
    - Digitization
     Excel
    - Calculate I
    diode=(VA – VB )/R
    - Plot I
    diode vs. Vdiode
    Data Analysis
     ln(I) vs. V
    - Incorporate only data with I > 0, V > 0
    v / VT V
    I  I s (e  1) ln( I )  ln( I s ) 
    0.026
    - Slope
    - Intersection
    Search for “Excel diode curve fitting”
    Minimize the Mean Square Deviation Using Solver
    – Search for “Excel solver curve fitting”
    Switching Characteristics
     Square Wave

    Diode On

    Delay
    Diode Off

    Slow
    1N914

    On Diode On
    Diode Off

    Off

    Fast
    Switching Characteristics
     Delay
    - 50% input to 50% output
     Rise Time and Fall Time
    - 10% to 90% or 90% to 10%
     Factors Affecting Speed
    - Charge storage, capacitor discharge
    - Current (forward) and voltage (reverse)
    dependent
    Other Diodes
     Signal diode vs. rectifier diode
     Avalanche diode
    - Operate with reverse breakdown voltage
    - Voltage reference
     Varactor
     Light emitting diode, diode laser
    - Convert electrical current to light
    - L versus I curve
    - Turn-on voltage versus color
     Photodiode
    - Light detector
    LED
     An Optoelectronic Device
    - Polarity Important

    Short – Cathode (-)


    Long – Anode (+)

     Brighter as Current Increases


     Junction Voltage ~ 1.78 V (Red LED)
    Activities for Diode
    Characterization
     I-V Data and Plot
     Data Analysis and Curve Fitting
    - IS
    - 
    Review
     Diagram of diode
     Which side is positive?
    - Resistance measurements
     Current versus voltage
    - Junction voltage of Si diode
     Switching speed
    - From off to on
    - From on to off
     Compare signal diode and rectifier

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