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Structure of the Earth’s Interior
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Did you
know?
The Geosphere is divided into layers based on

chemical composition:
the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
The Layers of
The crust is the thinthe Earthlayer of the geosphere. Made
outermost
mostly of silicate minerals. It covers the ocean water us called
oceanic crust; it is 5 to 10 km thick.
It is covered by soil in the continental crust and its thickness
ranges from 3 to 70 km.
Continental crust is the thickest beneath the mountains. It has

a lower density than the thinner oceanic crust.
The Layers of
thethe
The mantle lies below Earth
crust, made of hot and very slow -
flowing solid rock. About 2900 km thick. Made of silicate
minerals that are denser than the silicates in the crust.
The Layers of
Core is the centerthe Earth
of the Earth, with a radius of 3500 km.
Made out of iron and nickel and is the densest layer. It is
divided into the liquid outer core and the solid inner core.
The inner core is solid, the outer core is liquid, and the
mantle is solid/plastic. This is due to the
relative melting points of the different layers (nickel–
iron core, silicate crust and mantle) and the increase in
temperature and pressure as depth increases.
Let’s have a Second Activity!
Before we proceed
Did you
know?
The geosphere is divided into lithosphere, mantle, inner
core, and outer core.
The
The lithosphere is thelithospher
rocky outer part of the Earth. It is
made up of the brittle crust and the top part of the upper
e the coolest and most rigid part
mantle. The lithosphere is
of the Earth. It is the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth
that includes the crust and the asthenosphere.
The
The upper portion oflithospher
the lithosphere is the crust. The
asthenosphere is theeuppermost part of the mantle and
has the characteristics of being hot and flowing.
Lithosphere is broken into large sections called tectonic
plates.
Tectonic
plates
Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost
mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere. Tectonic
plates are always moving but at a very slow rate. The plates
glide along the moving asthenosphere. Plate tectonics is the
movement of the plates. A knowledge of plate tectonics
helps you to better understand the occurrence of
earthquakes.
What Causes Plate
Tectonics?
The movement of the plates is caused by the convection
currents that are created within the mantle as an effort of the
heat from the Earth's interior, Heat from the Earth's core
causes the heating of the lower mantle. It becomes less
dense and rises. As it reaches the upper mantle it cools,
becomes denser, and sinks. Mantle rocks move in up and
down circular motion that is due to convection current. The
lithosphere lies in top of the mantle, it is carried along by
the convection current within the mantle, similar to the
movement of an object carried by a conveyor belt system.
Knowing the
SeismologistsEarth's Interior
are geophysicists who are experts in
earthquakes. The information gathered allow them to
identify the physical and mechanical properties of each
layer.
Seismic
waves
Seismic wave is an elastic wave generated by an
earthquake or an explosion.
Seismic waves that travel through the Earth's interior are
called body waves.
Primary waves and the Secondary waves are the two

types of body waves.
Primary
waves
Primary Waves (P-Waves) are the fastest seismic
waves, traveling about 6 to 7 km/s. They travel through
solids and liquids, they can pass through the crust,
mantle, outer core, and inner core. Their speed depends
upon the material through which they deeper into the
Earth. This causes them to slightly bend as they travel
from one layer to another is also called push and pull
waves. They push the rock particles that are in front of
them causing the particles to be compressed and then
that are being pushed forward. This movement results
in the compression and decompression of rock
particles. The parties move along the direction of
movement of waves.
second
Secondary Waves (S waves
waves) travel with a lower speed
than the Primary Waves (P-Waves) at about 3.5 km/s.
Can only travel in solids and they cannot pass through
liquids, so they can only penetrate through the crust
and the mantle. Rock particles either move in an up
and down motion or side to side motion, perpendicular
to the movement waves.
Surface
waves
Seismic waves that travel along the Earth's surface are
called surface waves. Their intensity becomes weaker
when they reach the surface.
Rayleigh waves and Love waves are the two types of
surface waves.
Rayleigh
wave
Rayleigh Waves have a rolling up and down motion
that are like ocean waves. They move in back circular
motion as they move forward.
Love
Love waves move like wave
S-waves. They move from side
to side like a wiggling snake that causes the ground to
twist from side to side. Love waves are the most
destructive among all the earthquake waves since they
ben and twist the Earth's surface.
Other features of the
earth’s
Seismologists interior
made further observations about seismic
waves. They were able to identify the boundaries
between the layers, Mohorovicic Discontinuity and the
Gutenberg Discontinuity. In 1909, Croatian
seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic discovered that
seismic waves from distant earthquakes reach the
seismologists faster than those from nearby
earthquakes. This boundary is known as the
Mohorovicic Discontinuity or the Moho. It lies depth
of 4 to 70 km.
Other features of the
In 1913,earth’s interior Beno Gutenberg
German seismologists
discovered an abrupt change in seismic waves from
2900 km below the surface that are recorded by
seismographs all over the world. This is where the
base of the mantle is assumed to be located: the core-
mantle boundary.
The core-mantle boundary is so hot that despite the
tremendous pressure, rocks in this region are changed
to liquid. This boundary is now called the Gutenberg
Please
Discontinuity
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Structure of the Earth’s Interior

The Geosphere is divided into layers based on

Continental crust is the thickest beneath the mountains. It has

Primary waves and the Secondary waves are the two

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