Cell
Cell
Cell
Prokaryotic Cells
1.Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Instead, some prokaryotes such as bacteria have a region
within the cell where the genetic material is freely suspended. This region is called the nucleoid.
2.They all are single-celled microorganisms. Examples include archaea, bacteria, and
cyanobacteria.
3.The cell size ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 µm in diameter.
4.The hereditary material can either be DNA or RNA.
5.Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, a form of sexual reproduction.
Eukaryotic Cells
1.Eukaryotic cells are characterised by a true nucleus.
2.The size of the cells ranges between 10–100 µm in diameter.
3.This broad category involves plants, fungi, protozoans, and animals.
4.The plasma membrane is responsible for monitoring the transport of
nutrients and electrolytes in and out of the cells. It is also responsible
for cell to cell communication.
5.They reproduce sexually as well as asexually.
6.There are some contrasting features between plant and animal cells.
For eg., the plant cell contains chloroplast, central vacuoles, and other
plastids, whereas the animal cells do not.
Cell Structure
The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to carry out life’s
processes. These components include- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles.
Read on to explore more insights on cell structure and function.
Cell Membrane
•The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of
the cells. It separates the cell from the external environment. The cell membrane is present in all the cells.
•The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell within which all other organelles, such as the cytoplasm
and nucleus, are enclosed. It is also referred to as the plasma membrane.
•By structure, it is a porous membrane (with pores) which permit the movement of selective substances in
and out of the cell. Besides this, the cell membrane also protects the cellular component from damage and
leakage.
•It forms the wall-like structure between two cells as well as between the cell and its surroundings.
•Plants are immobile, so their cell structures are well-adapted to protect them from external factors. The
cell wall helps to reinforce this function.
Cell Wall
•The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s cell structure. It is made up of
cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
•The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane and other
cellular components. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant cells.
•It is a rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell membrane.
•It provides shape and support to the cells and protects them from mechanical shocks and
injuries.
Cytoplasm
•The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane.
•Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.
•The cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, are
suspended in this cytoplasm.
Nucleus
•The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA.
•It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature, divide and die.
•The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the
rest of the cell.
•The nucleus protects the DNA and is an integral component of a plant’s cell
structure.
Cell Organelles
Cells are composed of various cell organelles that perform certain specific functions
to carry out life’s processes. The different cell organelles, along with its principal
functions, are as follows:
Cell Organelle and its Functions
Nucleolus
The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular activities and cellular
reproduction
Nuclear membrane
The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus and other cell organelles.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual. Each human cells contain 23 pairs of
chromosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role
in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.
Golgi Bodies
Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell
Ribosome
Ribosomes are the protein synthesisers of the cell
Mitochondria
The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it produces ATP – the cell’s energy
currency
Lysosomes
Lysosomes protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and helps in cell renewal. Therefore, it is
known as the cell’s suicide bags
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment chlorophyll
Vacuoles
Vacuoles stores food, water, and other waste materials in the cell
Cell Theory
Cell Theory was proposed by the German scientists, Theodor Schwann, Matthias
Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. The cell theory states that:
•All living species on Earth are composed of cells.
•A cell is the basic unit of life.
•All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
A modern version of the cell theory was eventually formulated, and it contains the
following postulates:
•Energy flows within the cells.
•Genetic information is passed on from one cell to the other.
•The chemical composition of all the cells is the same.
Functions of Cell
A cell performs these major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of cell
are as follows: