1. Embedded systems are information processing systems embedded into larger products like appliances, vehicles, medical equipment. They are designed to perform dedicated functions with real-time constraints.
2. Embedded systems must be dependable, efficient, and dedicated to a specific application to minimize resources and maximize robustness. Many must also meet hard real-time constraints to react to stimuli within a specified time or a catastrophe could result.
3. Embedded systems are frequently connected to physical environments through sensors and actuators, and are typically reactive systems that depend on input and state. They are distinguished from general purpose computing by having fewer known applications at design-time and being not programmable by end users.
1. Embedded systems are information processing systems embedded into larger products like appliances, vehicles, medical equipment. They are designed to perform dedicated functions with real-time constraints.
2. Embedded systems must be dependable, efficient, and dedicated to a specific application to minimize resources and maximize robustness. Many must also meet hard real-time constraints to react to stimuli within a specified time or a catastrophe could result.
3. Embedded systems are frequently connected to physical environments through sensors and actuators, and are typically reactive systems that depend on input and state. They are distinguished from general purpose computing by having fewer known applications at design-time and being not programmable by end users.
1. Embedded systems are information processing systems embedded into larger products like appliances, vehicles, medical equipment. They are designed to perform dedicated functions with real-time constraints.
2. Embedded systems must be dependable, efficient, and dedicated to a specific application to minimize resources and maximize robustness. Many must also meet hard real-time constraints to react to stimuli within a specified time or a catastrophe could result.
3. Embedded systems are frequently connected to physical environments through sensors and actuators, and are typically reactive systems that depend on input and state. They are distinguished from general purpose computing by having fewer known applications at design-time and being not programmable by end users.
1. Embedded systems are information processing systems embedded into larger products like appliances, vehicles, medical equipment. They are designed to perform dedicated functions with real-time constraints.
2. Embedded systems must be dependable, efficient, and dedicated to a specific application to minimize resources and maximize robustness. Many must also meet hard real-time constraints to react to stimuli within a specified time or a catastrophe could result.
3. Embedded systems are frequently connected to physical environments through sensors and actuators, and are typically reactive systems that depend on input and state. They are distinguished from general purpose computing by having fewer known applications at design-time and being not programmable by end users.
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Embedded Systems Embedded systems (ES) = information processing systems embedded into a larger product
Examples:
Main reason for buying is not information processing
Swiss Federal Computer Engineering
Institute of Technology 1-1 and Networks Laboratory Characteristics of Embedded Systems (1) Must be dependable: Reliability: R(t) = probability of system working correctly provided that it was working at t=0 Maintainability: M(d) = probability of system working correctly d time units after error occurred. Availability: probability of system working at time t Safety: no harm to be caused Security: confidential and authentic communication
Even perfectly designed systems can fail if the assumptions about
the workload and possible errors turn out to be wrong. Making the system dependable must not be an after-thought, it must be considered from the very beginning. Swiss Federal Computer Engineering Institute of Technology 1-2 and Networks Laboratory Characteristics of Embedded Systems (2) Must be efficient: Energy efficient Code-size efficient (especially for systems on a chip) Run-time efficient Weight efficient Cost efficient
Dedicated towards a certain application: Knowledge about
behavior at design time can be used to minimize resources and to maximize robustness. Dedicated user interface.
Swiss Federal Computer Engineering
Institute of Technology 1-3 and Networks Laboratory Characteristics of Embedded Systems (3) Many ES must meet real-time constraints: A real-time system must react to stimuli from the controlled object (or the operator) within the time interval dictated by the environment. For real-time systems, right answers arriving too late are wrong.
„A real-time constraint is called hard, if not meeting that
constraint could result in a catastrophe“ [Kopetz, 1997].
All other time-constraints are called soft.
A guaranteed system response has to be explained without statistical arguments. Swiss Federal Computer Engineering Institute of Technology 1-4 and Networks Laboratory Characteristics of Embedded Systems (4) Frequently connected to physical environment through sensors and actuators, Hybrid systems (analog + digital parts). Typically, ES are reactive systems:
„A reactive system is one which is in continual interaction
with is environment and executes at a pace determined by that environment“ [Bergé, 1995]
Behavior depends on input and current state.
automata model often appropriate, Swiss Federal Computer Engineering Institute of Technology 1-5 and Networks Laboratory Comparison Embedded Systems General Purpose Computing Few applications that are Broad class of applications. known at design-time. Not programmable by end Programmable by end user. user. Fixed run-time requirements Faster is better. (additional computing power not useful). Criteria: Criteria: • cost • cost • pow • aver er age cons spee ump d tion • Federal Swiss pred 1-6 Computer Engineering Institute of Technology and Networks Laboratory icta Trends … Embedded Systems overtook market of PCs. Ubiquitous and pervasive computing: Information anytime, anywhere; building ambient intelligence into our environment; internet of things: • Wearable computers • “Smart Labels” on consumer products • Intelligent buildings • Environmental Monitoring • Traffic control and communicating automobiles
Embedded systems provide the basic technology.
Swiss Federal Computer Engineering
Institute of Technology 1-7 and Networks Laboratory Trends … Communicating embedded systems, very often wireless. Higher degree of integration on a single chip: memory + processor + I/O-units + (wireless) communication network on chip for communication between units Multiprocessor Systems on a Chip (MPSoC) Microsystems that contain energy harvesting and sensing in addition Software increasing (amount and complexity).
Low power and energy constraints (portable or unattended
devices). Temperature constraints (overheating). Increased interest in energy harvesting. Swiss Federal Computer Engineering Institute of Technology 1-8 and Networks Laboratory