LESSON OUTCOMES

• Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:

 Define and distinguish electron , proton, neutron, atomic number, mass number
and isotope.
 Write and interprete atomic notation of elements.
 Calculate the energy, wavelength and frequency of the emitted photon in a
hydrogen atom or ultraviolet radiation or light using rydberg equation.
 State Bohr atomic theory
 Define and describe quantum numbers.
 Draw the shape of s and p orbitals.
 State the Aufbau’s principle, Pauli’s principle and Hund’s Rule.
 Determine the number of electrons from shell, sub-shell, orbital and quantum
numbers.
 Write the electron configurations (in terms of sub-shell notation and orbital
diagram) of atoms and ions.
 MODERN ATOMIC THEORY

 All matter is composed of atoms

 Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in ordinary

chemical reactions. However, these changes CAN occur in nuclear
reactions!
 Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass
which is unique to that element.
 Atoms of any one element differ in properties from
atoms of another element
 Model of atom

proton
Shell

electron neutron
 WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM?

• Nucleus – center of the atom

– Home of Protons and Neutrons
– Proton
• Has a positive (+) charge
• Has a relative mass of 1
• Determines the atomic number
• Found inside the nucleus
 WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM?

– Neutron
• Has no (0) charge
• Has a relative mass of 1
• Determines the isotope
– Isotopes are two of the same
element with different masses
• Found inside the nucleus
 WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM?

• Electron
– Has a negative (-) charge
– Has a relative mass of 0 (zero)
– Determines the ion
– Found outside the nucleus
• Bohr model – electrons are in specific
energy levels
• Electron cloud model – electrons are in a
random cloud
 How are P, N, e- related?

• # protons = atomic number

• # electrons = # protons in a neutral atom

• # protons + # neutrons = atomic mass

 Atomic Notation

Mass number
the number of protons
and neutrons in an atom
Chemical Symbol

Atomic number
the number of protons in an atom

number of electrons = number of protons

number of neutron = atomic mass – atomic number
 EXAMPLES

1 4 12 16 63
1
H 2 He 6
C 8O 30
Zn

Mass number (A)

Atomic number (Z)

 EXAMPLE
• Sodium has 11 protons and 12 neutrons. Write an atomic
notation of sodium.
– Solution:
• Atomic number = 11
• Atomic mass = 11+12 = 23
• Atomic notation of sodium
 IONS

• If an atom gains or loses electrons the atom is no longer neutral .

• The atom is then called an ION.
• Atom accept electrons --- no. of electron > no. of protons. Atom
transform to an anion, negatively charged ion.
Charge = no. of e- in an atom – no of e- in its ion.
• Atom release electrons from its orbit --- no. of electrons < no. of
protons. Atom transform to cation, a positively charge ion.

Charge = no. of electron in an atom – no of electron in its ion.

 ISOTOPES

• All atoms in an element have the same atomic number

• However, 2 atoms of the same element can have different mass
numbers – called isotopes
• Isotopes have:
– Same # of p
– Different # of n
– Show similar chemical properties, due to the same number of electrons
in the atoms.
– Posses different physical properties.
 Some Common Isotopes

1 12 235
H 6
C 92 U
1

2 13 238
1H 6
C 92 U

3 14
1H 6
C
BOHR’S THEORY
• When energy (heat, electricity, etc.) is added to an
atom, the electrons within the atom jump to higher
energy levels.
• When the electrons fall back to their original energy
level, they release the energy that they absorbed in
the form of light.
• Therefore, in order to understand the electronic
structure of the atom we must first understand the
nature of light itself!
 The Wave Nature of the Light

• Atomic structure elucidated by interaction of matter with light.

• Light = electromagnetic radiation, a wave of oscillating electric
and magnetic influences called fields.
• light travels through space as a wave, similar to an ocean wave.
• Light properties: characterized by wavelength, , and
frequency,.
• Frequency and wavelength inversely proportional to each other.
c = 
where c = the speed of light = 3.00x108 m/s;
 = frequency, s1
 = wavelength, m

17
 Electromagnetic Radiation

Example: Red light has  = 700 nm.

Calculate the frequency,
.
3.00 x 108 m/s
= c =  4.29 x 1014 Hz
 7.00 x 10-7 m
 EXAMPLE

E.g.1:
Calculate the frequency of light with a wavelength of 500 nm.
E.g.2:
Calculate the frequency of light if the wavelength is 400 nm.
Max planck found that :
Energy of radiation is proportional to frequency.

E = h
= hc / 
where h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J•s

Light with large  (small ) has a small E.

Light with a short  (large ) has a large E.

 Quantized Energy and Photons

E.g. determine the energies of photons with

• wavelength of 650 nm,
• wavelength of 700 nm,
• Frequency of 4.50x1014 s1,
• Frequency of 6.50x1014 s1

21
 Bohr’s model
• Main postulates of Bohr’s atomic theory are:
CONSTANT ENERGY CONCEPT
•     Energy of an electron is constant in one of its allowed
orbits. As long as an electron remains in its orbit,   it
neither absorbs nor radiates energy.
CONCEPT OF ENERGY LEVELS
•     Electrons revolve around the nucleus of atom in
circular orbits in which energy of electrons is constant.
  These circular paths are known as "energy levels" or
"stationary states".
RADIATION OF ENERGY
•     If an electron jumps form higher energy level to a lower
energy level, it radiates a definite amount of   energy.
ABSORPTION OF ENERGY
•     If an electron jumps from lower energy level to a higher
energy level, it absorbs a definite amount of energy.
 The Bohr Model of Hydrogen

When excited, the Emission: The atom

electron is in a higher gives off energy— Upon emission, the
energy level. as a photon. electron drops to a
lower energy level.
Excitation: The atom
absorbs energy that
is exactly equal to the
difference between
two energy levels.

Each circle represents an

allowed energy level for the
electron. The electron may be
thought of as orbiting at a fixed
distance from the nucleus.
AMOUNT OF ENERGY
•     Energy released or absorbed by an electron is equal to the
difference of energy of two energy levels.
  Let an electron jumps from a higher energy level E2 to a lower
energy level E1.The energy is emitted in the form of light . Amount of
energy released is given by:
E = E2 -E1
 Generalized Equation

• The energy absorbed or emitted from the process of an electron

transition can be calculated by the equation:

• RH is a Rydberg constant in energy units:

2.18 X 10-18 J.
• n1 and n2 are the initial and final energy levels of the electron.
 EXAMPLE

• Calculate the wavelength of light corresponding by an

electron transition from n = 4 to n = 2

-ve sign indicates that this energy associated with an emmission. To

calculate the , omit the –ve sign because the wavelength must be +ve.
 LEARNING CHECK

• Calculate the energy of the photon when

the electron drops from the fifth orbit to
the second orbit. Calculate also the
frequency and the wavelength of the
photon in nm.
QUANTUM MECHANIC
 QUANTUM NUMBER

In quantum mechanics, three quantum numbers are

required to describe the distribution of electrons in
hydrogen and other atoms
• principal quantum number (n),
• angular momentum quantum number (l)
• magnetic quantum number (m)

Fourth quantum number – spin quantum number(s)

describe the spin of a specific electron and completes
the descriptions in atoms.
 Principal Quantum Number, n

• Show energy level of electron and shell or distance of

electron away from nucleus of atom.
• n = 1,2,3,……
• The value represented using alphabets K,L,M,N….. to
name the shell.

n 1 2 3 4 5 6 ….
K L M N O P ….
Lower energy level, closer to Higher energy level, further
the nucleus away from nucleus
 The maximum number
of electrons in a
principal energy level
is given by:
Max # electrons = 2(n2)

n= the principal quantum number

 ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER , l
• Main level energy may be composed of one or more orbitals , these
orbitals are specified by the azimuthal quantum number, l (indicates the
shape of the orbital)
• The value of l depend on the value of the principle quantum number, n.
• For a given n, l has a possible integral value from 0 to ( n-1)
• the value of l is generelly designated by the letter s,p,d,f…………….

l value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

subshell s p d f g h i
 Orbital Shapes

Orbital Type Shape Name

s Spherical

p Dumbbell

d Complex

f More complex
 l = 0 (s orbitals)

l = 1 (p orbitals)
l = 2 (d orbitals)
l = 3 (f orbitals)
 n=1
l = 0 (s)
n=3
n=2 l = 0 (s)
l = 0 (s) l = 1 (p)
l = 1 (p) l = 2 (d)
 Magnectic quantum number, ml
• Determines the orientation of orbital in space.
• Permitted value for m depend on the value of l
• It has integer value ranging from –1 to +1 .
• The no. of permitted value of m also indicates the
maximum number of orbitals for a particular value of l.
 magnetic quantum number ml

for a given value of l

ml = -l, …., 0, …. +l

if l = 1 (p orbital), ml = -1, 0, or 1
if l = 2 (d orbital), ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2

orientation of the orbital in space

 ml = -1 ml = 0 ml = 1

ml = -2 ml = -1 ml = 0 ml = 1 ml = 2
 The Atomic Orbitals
Relation between quantum numbers and the atomic orbitals

n Shell l Sub m Orbital No. of Max. e-

designation orbitals occupies
shell
1 K 0 s 0 1s 1 2
2 L 0 s 0 2s 1 2
1 p -1,0,+1 2p 3 6
3 M 0 s 0 3s 1 2
1 p -1,0,+1 3p 3 6
2 d -2,-1,0,+1,+2 3d 5 10
4 N 0 s 0 4s 1 2
1 p -1,0,+1 4p 3 6
2 d -2,-1,0,+1,+2 4d 5 10
3 f -3,-2,-1,0, 4f 7 14
+1,+2,+3
 Spin Magnetic Quantum Number

• It is convenient to think of the

electron as spinning on its axis
– The electron is not physically
spinning
• There are two directions for the
spin
– Spin up, ms = ½
– Spin down, ms = -½
• There is a slight energy
difference between the two spins
and this accounts for the fine
structure
 QUANTUM
NUMBERS

n ---> shell 1, 2, 3, 4, ...

l ---> subshell 0, 1, 2, ... n - 1
ml ---> orbital -l ... 0 ... +l
ms ---> electron spin +1/2 and -1/2
Its like your address. To find where you are
you need to know 4 things: state, city,
street, house #. To know where or what
state the electron is in you need to know the
four quantum numbers.
 How many 2p orbitals are there in an atom?
n=2
If l = 1, then ml = -1, 0, or +1
2p
3 orbitals
l=1

How many electrons can be placed in the 3d

subshell?
n=3 If l = 2, then ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, or +2

3d 5 orbitals which can hold a total of 10 e-

l=2
 ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
 ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT IN ORBITAL

• Follow 3 rules
– AUFBAU PRINCIPLE. e- must occupy the lowest energy orbitals.
– for a given value of n, the energy of an orbital increase with
increasing value of l (s<p<d<f)
Overlapping Orbital Energies
• PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
– No two electrons in an atom can have the same four
quantum numbers.
– An orbital can hold a maximum of 2e- And they must have
opposite spin.

• HUND’S RULE
– The lowest energy is attained when the number of e- with the same
spin is maximized.
– e- arrange in this way are said to have parallel spin.
 Electron Configurations
• Electrons fill the lowest energy levels first
• (calcium shown)

4d
5s
E 4p
N 3d
4s
E 3p
R 3s
2p
G 2s
Y 1s
 Electron Configurations

• Distribution of all
electrons in an atom
• Consist of
– Number denoting the
energy level
 Electron Configurations

• Distribution of all
electrons in an atom
• Consist of
– Number denoting the
energy level
– Letter denoting the type
of orbital
 Electron Configurations

• Distribution of all
electrons in an atom.
• Consist of
– Number denoting the
energy level.
– Letter denoting the type
of orbital.
– Superscript denoting the
number of electrons in
those orbitals.
 EXAMPLE

SUBSHELL NOTATION
• Ne  1s2 2s2 2p6 (10 electrons)
• F  1s2 2s2 2p5 (9 electrons)
• F-  1s2 2s2 2p6 (10 electrons)
• Mg  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 (12 electrons)
• Mg2+  1s2 2s2 2p6 (10 electrons)

ORBITAL NOTATION
Ne :     
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
F :     
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
 EXERCISE

The electron configuration for boron is 1s22s22p1

• How many electrons are present in an atom of boron?
• Write the orbital notation for boron
• How many electron in B are present with quantum
number n=2, l= 1
 EXERCISE

• Write the electronic configuration for sodium atom.

• How many electrons in sodium atom are present with
quantum number n=2, s=+½?
• Give the set of 4 quantum numbers for the valence
electron in sodium atom.