12 Atoms 1 (1)

CLASS 12 PHYSICS
ATOMS
Thomson’s Model of an Atom:
• An atom consists of positively charged matter in

which the negatively charged electrons are
uniformly embedded like plums in a pudding.
This model could not explain scattering of alpha-
particles through thin foils and hence discarded
Rutherford’s Model of an Atom:
• Geiger and Marsden in their experiment on scattering of

alpha-particles found that most of the alpha-particles passed
undeviated through thin foils but some of them were
scattered through very large angles.
Alpha particle scattering
experiment
Analysis of scattering
experiment
Analysis of scattering
experiment
Observations
i) Most of the α-particles were passed through the gold foil.
ii) Some were scattered through an angle and some of them in large angles.
iii) A very few were reflected.
Assumptions
i) α-particle and gold nucleus are point charges.
ii) The scattering of α-particles from the gold atoms were due to the coulombic interaction (force)
between the positive charge of the α-particle and the positive charge of the gold nucleus.
iii) The nucleus of the gold atom is very massive compared to the α-particle and hence it remains
stationary during the experiment (collision)
iv) As the gold foil is very thin, α-particles will not suffer multiple scattering.
Distance of Closest Approach:
• When an alpha-particle of mass m and velocity v moves directly towards a

nucleus of atomic number Z, its initial energy E, which is just the kinetic energy
K gets completely converted into potential energy U at stopping point. This
stopping point happens to be at a distance of closest approach d from the
nucleus.
Impact Parameter
• It is defined as the perpendicular distance of the velocity of the
alpha-particle from the central point of the nucleus, when it is
far away from the atom.
• The shape of the trajectory of the scattered alpha-particle

depends on the impact parameter b and the nature of the
potential field.
Rutherford’s Model
a) An atom consists of a small and massive central core in which the entire positive
charge and almost the whole mass of the atom are concentrated. This core is called
the nucleus.
b) The nucleus occupies a very small space as compared to the size of the atom.
c) The atom is surrounded by a suitable number of electros so that their total negative
charge is equal to the total positive charge on the nucleus and the atom is electrically
neutral.
d) The electrons revolve around the nucleus in various orbits just as planets revolve
around the sun.
e) The centripetal force required for their revolution is provided by the electrostatic
attraction between the electrons and the nucleus.
Draw-backs of Rutherford
Model:
• This model could not explain stability of the atom because according to classical
electromagnetic theory the electron revolving around the nucleus must
continuously radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic radiate energy in
the form of electromagnetic radiation and hence it should fall into the nucleus.
Atomic spectra
Emission spectrum
Each element has a characteristic spectrum of radiation, which it

emits. When an atomic gas or vapor is excited at low pressure,
usually by passing an electric current through it, the emitted
radiation has a spectrum which contains certain specific
wavelengths only. A spectrum of this kind is termed as emission line
spectrum.
Absorption spectrum
If light is passed though hydrogen gas taken in a glass tube, the atoms will absorb certain
frequencies for the excitation to higher states. Thus, if we analyze the light coming out, we
can see dark lines in a bright background. The dark lines correspond to the frequencies
absorbed by the hydrogen atoms. Here the spectrum is known as absorption spectrum.
Bohr’s Atom Model
Bohr’s first postulate
• Nuclear concept:
An atom consists of a small massive central called nucleus

around which planetary electrons revolve. The centripetal force
required for their rotation is provided by the electrostatic
attraction between the electrons and the nucleus.
Bohr’s second postulate
Electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which
the angular momentum is some integral multiple of h/2π where h
is the Planck’s constant (= 6.6 × 10–34 J s). Thus, the angular
momentum (L) of the orbiting electron is quantized. That is
• L = nh/2π
Bohr’s third postulate incorporated into atomic theory

Bohr’s third postulate
Bohr’s third postulate states that an electron might make a transition

from one of its specified non-radiating orbits to another of lower
energy. When it does so, a photon is emitted having energy equal to
the energy difference between the initial and final states. The
frequency of the emitted photon is then given by
hν = Ei – Ef
where Ei and Ef are the energies of the initial and final states
Energy of orbiting electron
mvr = nh/2π
Main formulas of Bohr’s theory
• Radius of nth orbit =( є0h2 /∏me2 ) n2
• Velocity of an electron in an orbit= e2 /2є0 nh

rn
• Kinetic energy of a revolving electron= e2 /8пє0 r
• Potential energy of a revolving electron = - e2 /4пє0 r
• Total energy of an electron in an orbit = -me4 /8є02 h2 n2
• En = (-13.6 / n2 ) eV
De Broglie’s explanation of
Bohr’s second postulate of
quantization.
• For an electron moving in nth circular
orbit of radius ‘rn’, the wavelength of electron is such that
2пrn = nλ, n = 1, 2, 3, …..
But λ = h / mv
2пrn = nh/ mv
mvrn = nh / 2п , n = 1, 2, 3, ……
Where mvrn is the angular momentum (L)of the revolving electron. Hence the proof.
Spectral series of hydrogen atom
Hydrogen Spectrum

12 Atoms 1 (1)

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CLASS 12 PHYSICS

• An atom consists of positively charged matter in

• Geiger and Marsden in their experiment on scattering of

• When an alpha-particle of mass m and velocity v moves directly towards a

• The shape of the trajectory of the scattered alpha-particle

Each element has a characteristic spectrum of radiation, which it

An atom consists of a small massive central called nucleus

Bohr’s third postulate incorporated into atomic theory

Bohr’s third postulate states that an electron might make a transition

• Velocity of an electron in an orbit= e2 /2є0 nh

• Kinetic energy of a revolving electron= e2 /8пє0 r

• Potential energy of a revolving electron = - e2 /4пє0 r

• Total energy of an electron in an orbit = -me4 /8є02 h2 n2

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