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Lecture 6B - Work and Energy Part 2

This document discusses work done by springs and gravitational potential energy. It provides examples of calculating work done by springs on objects and determining spring constants. It also defines conservative and non-conservative forces and the principle of conservation of mechanical energy. Examples are provided of calculating speed and power in situations involving forces, work, and energy.

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Mark Alexis Atesor
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views

Lecture 6B - Work and Energy Part 2

This document discusses work done by springs and gravitational potential energy. It provides examples of calculating work done by springs on objects and determining spring constants. It also defines conservative and non-conservative forces and the principle of conservation of mechanical energy. Examples are provided of calculating speed and power in situations involving forces, work, and energy.

Uploaded by

Mark Alexis Atesor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Work and Energy Part 2

Lecture 6B
Work Done by a Spring
Work Done
by a Spring

Fs  kx
Work Done by a Spring

xf 1 2 1
Ws    
 kx dx  kxi  kx f
2
xi 2 2
Example 1
A spring is hung vertically, and a 0.55
kg object is attached to its lower end. If
the spring stretches by 2 cm,
a) Determine the spring force constant k
b) The work done by the spring on the
object as it stretches through this
distance
Example 1
A spring is hung vertically, and a 0.55 kg object is
attached to its lower end. If the spring stretches by 2 cm,
a) Determine the spring force constant k
 
Fx  mg  0  Fs  mg  0
 Fs  mg

mg  0.55 kg  9.80 m/s 2



k 
d 2.0  102 m
2
 2.7  10 N/m
Example 1
A spring is hung vertically, and a 0.55 kg object is attached to
its lower end. If the spring stretches by 2 cm,
b) The work done by the spring on the object as it stretches
through this distance
1 2
Ws  0  kd
2
1
   2.7  10 N/m  2.0  10 m 
2 2 2

2
2
 5.4  10 J
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Definition:
It is an energy possessed by an object of mass “m” by virtue of its
position relative to the surface of the Earth.
Mathematically,

Where:
PE = the potential energy of the object
m = the mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = the height
Gravitational Potential Energy
Definition:
It is an energy possessed by an object of mass “m” by virtue of its
position relative to the surface of the Earth.
Mathematically,

Where:
PE = the potential energy of the object
m = the mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = the height
Gravitational Potential Energy
Definition:
It is an energy possessed by an object of mass “m” by virtue of its
position relative to the surface of the Earth.
Mathematically,

“The greater the height, the greater


potential to do work”
Work Done by Gravitational Force

Where:
= work done by gravitational force
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
= initial height
= final height
Gravitational Potential Energy
• Only the difference in vertical
distances need be considered when
calculating the work done by gravity.
Refer to the figure:
• Since the difference in the vertical
distances is the same for each path,
the work done by gravity is the same
in each case.
Gravitational Potential Energy

• Therefore, the zero level (datum) of the heights may be taken


anywhere as long as both and are measured relative to the same
zero level.

• The concept of potential energy is associated only with a type of


force known as “Conservative” Force.
Conservative Forces
Definition of Conservative Forces:
Version 1:
A force is conservative when the
work it does on a moving object is
independent of the path between the
object’s initial and final positions.
Version 2:
A force is conservative when the
work it does no net work on an object
moving around a closed path, starting
and finishing at the same point
Non-Conservative Forces
Definition of Non-Conservative Forces:
Force is Non-Conservative if
1. Not path independent
2. Work for closed path not zero
Conservative vs Non-Conservative Forces
• Normally, conservative forces (such as gravity) and non-conservative
forces (such as friction and air resistance) act simultaneously on an
object

• Therefore, the net Work W by the net external force is written as:

Where:
= the work done by the conservative forces
= the work done by the non-conservative force
Conservative vs Non-Conservative Forces
• According to the Work-Energy Theorem, the work done by the net
external force is equal to the change in KE. Thus,

• When the only conservative force acting on the object is the


gravitational force,

• And the Work-Energy Theorem maybe written as:


Conservative vs Non-Conservative Forces
• Or

• Therefore, the net work done by all the external non-


conservative forces equals the change in the object’s
Kinetic Energy plus the change in its gravitational Potential
Energy.
Conservative vs Non-Conservative Forces
• Rewriting the equation
Conservative vs Non-Conservative Forces

• Therefore, the net Work done by external non-conservative forces


changes the total mechanical energy from an initial value of to a
final value of

**When all forces are conservative, , leading to


Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• This principle is called the Conservation of Mechanical Energy:

Conservation of Mechanical Energy


“States that, when forces acting on an object are conservative, the
total mechanical energy remains constant all along the path between the
initial and final points, never varying from the initial value ”
Summary
• When both Conservative (gravitational force) and Non-
Conservative Forces are applied on the object:

• When forces acting on the object are all conservative:


Example 2
One of the tallest and fastest roller coasters in the world is the Steel Dragon in
Mie, Japan. The ride includes a vertical drop of 93.5m. The coaster has a speed of 3
m/s at the top of the drop. Neglect friction and find the speed of the riders at the
bottom.
Example 3
The launching mechanism of a popgun consists of a
trigger-released spring. The spring is compressed to a
position yA, and the trigger is fired. The projectile of mass
m rises to a position yC above the position at which it leaves
the spring, indicated in the figure as position yB = 0.
Consider a firing of the gun for which m = 35.0 g, yA = –
0.120 m, and yC = 20.0 m.
(A) Neglecting all resistive forces, determine the spring
constant.
(B) Find the speed of the projectile as it moves through the
equilibrium position B of the spring.
Example 3
(A) Neglecting all resistive forces, determine the spring
constant.
K  U g   U s  0

 1 2
0  0    mgyC  mgyA    0  kx   0
 2 
2mg  yC  yA 
k
x2
Example 3
(A) Neglecting all resistive forces, determine the spring
constant.

2  0.0350 kg  9.80 m/s 2


 20.0 m   0.120 m 
k
0.120 m 
2

 958 N/m
Example 3
B. Find the speed of the projectile as it moves through
the equilibrium position B of the spring.
K  U g  U s  0
1   1 2
 mvB  0    0  mgyA    0  kx   0
2

2   2 
kx 2
vB   2 gyA
m
958 N/m 0.120 m 
2

vB   2 9.80 m/s 2   0.120 m 


 0.0350 kg 
 19.8 m/s
Example 4
A 3.00-kg crate slides down a ramp. The ramp is 1.00 m
in length and inclined at an angle of 30.0 as shown in
the figure. The crate starts from rest at the top and
experiences a constant friction force of magnitude 5.00
N. The crate continues to move a short distance on the
horizontal floor after it leaves the ramp, and then comes
to rest.
A. Use energy methods to determine the speed of the
crate at the bottom of the ramp.
B. How far does the crate slide on the horizontal floor if
it continues to experience a friction force of
magnitude 5.00 N?
Example 4
A. Use energy methods to determine the speed of the
crate at the bottom of the ramp.

K  U g  Eint  0
1 
   0  mgyi   f k d  0
2
 mv f  0
2 
2
vf   mgyi  f k d 
m
2
vf  3.00 kg  9.80 m/s 2   0.500 m   5.00 N 1.00 m 
3.00 kg  

 2.54 m/s
Example 4
B. How far does the crate slide on the horizontal floor if it continues to
experience a friction force of magnitude 5.00 N?

K  E  Eint  0

 0  0    0  mgyi   f k d total  0

mgyi 3.00 kg  9.80 m/s 2  0.500 m 


d total    2.94 m
fk 5.00 N
Power
Power
Power
- work done per unit time
- average power P is the average rate at which work W is done, and it
is obtained by dividing W by the time t required to perform work:

Where:

SI Unit of Power: Watt (W) = Joule/second (J/s)


Power
Units of Power:
Example 5
A car, starting from rest, accelerates in the +x direction. It
has a mass of and maintains an acceleration of +4.6 for 5 s.
Assume that a single horizontal force (not shown) accelerates
the vehicle. Determine the average power generated by this
force
Example 5
Solution:
Example 6
An elevator car has a mass of 1600 kg
and is carrying passengers having a
combined mass of 200kg. A constant friction
force of 4000N retards its motion. How
much power must the motor deliver to lift
the elevator car and its passengers at a
constant speed of 3 m/s?
Example 6
Solution:
F y  T  f  Mg  0

T  Mg  f
 
P  T  v  Tv   Mg  f  v

P  1800 kg  9.80 m/s    4000 N  3.00 m/s 


 2

4
 6.49  10 W

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