Acids & Bases

Properties of acids
 Taste Sour (kids, don’t try this at home).

 Conduct electricity.
 Some are strong, some are weak
electrolytes.
 React with metals to form hydrogen
gas.
 Change indicators (litmus red).
 React with hydroxides to form water
and a salt.
Properties of bases
 React with acids to form water and a
salt.
 Taste bitter.
 Feel slippery (Don’t try this either).
 Can be strong or weak electrolytes.
 Change indicators (litmus blue).
Water
 Water ionizes- falls apart into ions.
 H2O  H+ + OH-
 Called the self ionization of water.
 Only a small amount.
 [H+ ] = [OH-] = 1 x 10-7M
 A neutral solution.
 In water Kw = [H+ ] x [OH-] = 1 x 10-14
 Kw is called the ion product constant.
Ion Product Constant
 H2O  H+ + OH-
 Kw is constant in every aqueous.
solution [H+] x [OH-] = 1 x 10-14M2
 If [H+] > 10-7 then [OH-] < 10-7
 If [H+] < 10-7 then [OH-] > 10-7
 If we know one, we can determine the
other.
 If [H+] > 10-7 acidic [OH-] < 10-7
 If [H+] < 10-7 basic [OH-] > 10-7
Logarithms
 Powers of ten.
 A shorthand for big, or small numbers.
 pH = -log[H+]
 in neutral pH = - log(1 x 10-7) = 7
 in acidic solution [H+] > 10-7
 pH < -log(10-7)
 pH < 7
 in base pH > 7
pH and pOH
 pOH = - log [OH-]
 [H+] x [OH-] = 1 x 10-14M2
 pH+pOH = 14
[H+]
100 10-1 10-3 10-5 10-7 10-9 10-11 10-13 10-14

pH
0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 14
Acidic Neutral Basic
14 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 0
pOH
10-14 10-13 10-11 10-9Basic
10-7 10-5 10-3 10-1 100
[OH-]
Types of Acids and Bases
Several Definitions
Arrhenius Definition
 Acids produce hydrogen ions in
aqueous solution.
 Bases produce hydroxide ions when
dissolved in water.
 Limits to aqueous solutions.
 Only one kind of base.
 NH3 ammonia could not be an
Arrhenius base.
Polyprotic Acids
 Some compounds have more than 1
ionizable hydrogen.
 HNO3 nitric acid - monoprotic
 H2SO4 sulfuric acid - diprotic - 2 H+
 H3PO4 phosphoric acid - triprotic - 3 H+
Bronsted-Lowry Definitions
 And acid is an proton (H+) donor and a
base is a proton acceptor.
 Acids and bases always come in pairs.
 HCl is an acid.
 When it dissolves in water it gives its
proton to water.
 HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+ + Cl-
 Water is a base makes hydronium ion.
Come in Pairs
 General equation
 HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)
 Acid + Base Conjugate acid +
Conjugate base
 This is an equilibrium.
 B(aq) + H2O(l) BH+(aq) + OH-(aq)
 Base + Acid Conjugate acid +
Conjugate base
 NH3(aq)+H2O(l) NH4+(aq)+OH-(aq)
How Strong
Strength
 Strong acids and bases are strong
electrolytes
 They fall apart completely.
 Weak acids don’t completely ionize.
 Concentrated much dissolved.
 Strong forms may ions when dissolved.
 Mg(OH)2 is a strong base- it falls
completely apart when dissolved.
 Not much dissolves.
Measuring strength
 Ionization is reversible.
 HA H+ + A-
 makes an equilibrium.
 Equilibrium constant for an acid(acid
dissociation constant.
 Ka = [H+ ][A- ] [HA]
 Stronger acid- more products.
 larger Ka (pg 450)
What about bases?
 Strong bases dissociate completely.
 B + H2O BH+ + OH-
 Base dissociation constant.
 Kb = [BH+ ][OH-]
[B] we can ignore the
water
 Stronger base more dissociated.
 Larger Kb.
Practice
 Write the expression for HNO2
 Write the Kb for NH3
Neutralization reactions
Neutralization Reactions
 Acid + Base  Salt + water
 Salt = an ionic compound
 Water = HOH
 HNO3 + KOH 
 HCl + Mg(OH)2 
 H2SO4 + NaOH 
 Really just double replacement.

Reactions Happen in Moles
 How many moles of HNO3 are need to
neutralize 0.86 moles of KOH?

 How many moles of HCl are needed to
neutralize 3.5 moles of Mg(OH)2 ?
Usually happen in solutions
 If it takes 87 mL of an HCl solution to
neutralize 0.67 moles of Mg(OH)2 what
is the concentration of the HCl solution?
 If it takes 58 mL of an H2SO4 solution to
neutralize 0.34 moles of NaOH what is

the concentration of the H2SO4 solution?
Titration
Determining an unknown
Titration
 When you add the same number of moles
of acid and base, the solution is neutral.
 By measuring the amount of a base added
you can determine the concentration of
the acid.
 If you know the concentration of the base.
 This is a titration.
Normality
+
 Want moles of H and OH-
H and
 molarity x liters = moles of acid or base
 Don’t want moles of acid or base
 Want moles of H+ and OH-
 Moles H+ = Molarity x liters x # of H+
 Normality = Molarity x # of H+
 Normality x Liters = Moles of H+
 Same process for base yields
Titration equations
 Ma x Va x # of H+ = Mb x Vb x # of OH-
 Na x Va = Nb x Vb
 really moles of H+= moles of OH-
Practice
 What is the normality of the following.
 2.0 M hydrofluoric acid
 0.18 M phosphoric acid
 4.0 M potassium hydroxide
 0.0020 calcium hydroxide
More Practice
 If it takes 45 mL of a 1.0 M NaOH solution
to neutralize 57 mL of HCl, what is the
concentration of the HCl ?
 If it takes 67 mL of 0.500 M H2SO4 to
neutralize 15mL of Al(OH)3 what was the
concentration of the Al(OH)3 ?
 How much of a 0.275 M HCl will be
needed to neutralize 25mL of .154 M
NaOH?

Acids & Bases

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Acids & Bases

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Properties of acids

 Taste Sour (kids, don’t try this at home).

100 10-1 10-3 10-5 10-7 10-9 10-11 10-13 10-14

 Really just double replacement.

neutralize 0.86 moles of KOH?

neutralize 0.34 moles of NaOH what is

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