AGENDA

 Money Market - What

 Capital Market- what, importance, role

 Primary Vs Secondary market

 Debt vs equity

 Bonds - Corporate Bonds, G Secs, T- Bills

 Debentures – PCD, FCD, OFCD

 Shares, Stocks, Derivatives, Mutual Funds, Hedge Funds, PNs, REITS, INVITS

 Venture Capitalist, Angel Investor

 Foreign Capital- ECB, ADR, GDR, FCCB

 FPI- FDI , FDI in Retail, FII – issues

 Financial Sector regulation – current, issues & proposals – FSDC, FSLRC

 Sebi- BSE, NSE, Sahara Scam

 Commodities market, Forex market

 CIS, Chit Funds, Ponzi schemes

 WANT TO START A BUSINESS………………

Needs Money --new business/ expanding business– Robbery, Ransom, being

politician……………….
 MONEY MARKET……..

• Money market is a place where banks deal in short term loans in the form

of commercial bills and treasury bills.

• In money market maturity date of repayment may after one hour to 1 Year.

• Rate of interest in money market is controlled by RBI . 

• Bankers & FIs are the main players in money market.

• Mechanism – to balance short term demands & supply of funds.

• Banks – to manage reserve requirements… SLR/CRR

• Banks & FI s – lend on short term basis– to earn interest on idle lying cash.
 MONEY MARKET……..

• Treasury Bills- T-Bills

Govt ( RBI ) issue bonds to raise money – to meet short term financial req.

• Certificate of deposits

By banks & FI s – safe instrument – at discounted price to face value.

• Inter corporate Deposit

Short term loan by one FI to another

• Commercial Paper

Unsecured promissory notes, requires credit rating

Capital Markets…………
 Capital market
• Capital market is a place where brokers deal in long term debt and equity
capital in the form of debenture, shares and public deposits. 
• In capital market, loans are given for 5 to 20 years and if issue of shares by
co., its amount will repay at winding of company. But investors have right to
sell it to other investors if they need the money.
• Capital market’s interest and dividend rate depends on demand and supply
of securities and stock market’s Sensex conditions. Stock market regulator is
in the hand of SEBI.
• Main dealers are all the public and private ltd. Co.
• It is increasing trend due to opening of online capital market.

PRIMARY MARKET AND SECONDARY MARKET

• Primary Market: In the primary market, securities are offered to public
for subscription for the purpose of raising capital or fund. (IPO, FPO)
• Secondary Market: Secondary market is an equity trading avenue in
which already existing/pre- issued securities are traded amongst investors.
 Why Capital Market Exist:

• Capital Market facilitate the transfer of capital (e.g. finance) assets from one
owner to another.
• They provide Liquidity: Liquidity refers to how easily an asset can be
transferred without loss of value.

Role of Capital Markets:

• Mobilization of savings & acceleration of Capital Formation
• Promotion of Economic Growth and Development
• Proper Regulation of Funds
• Investment Avenue
• Raising of Long Term Capital
• Incentives & deterrent for organization- activities
• Attracting foreign capital for domestic /industrial development
• Saving poor’s money – from ponzi schemes, fraud chit funds etc….
 Some Definitions:-

'securities' include:

(i) shares, stocks, bonds, debentures, debenture stock or other marketable

securities of a like nature

(ii) derivative,

(iii) units or any other instrument issued by any collective investment scheme

to the investors in such schemes,

(iv) Government securities,

(v) such other instruments as may be declared

 CAPITAL MARKETS…… DEBT VS EQUITY
What is a Debt Market?
• The Debt Market is the market where fixed income securities of various types
and features are issued and traded.
• Debt Markets are therefore, markets for fixed income securities issued by
Central and State Governments, Municipal Corporations, Govt. bodies and
commercial entities like Financial Institutions, Banks, Public Sector Units,
Public Ltd. Companies.

CORPORATE BONDS – regulated by SEBI

• issued by private and public corporations
• to raise money for a variety of purposes, such as building a new plant,
purchasing equipment, or growing the business
• one lends money to the "issuer," the company that issued the bond.
• the company promises to return the money, also known as "principal," on a
specified maturity date - usually pays you a stated rate of interest.
• if one sells a bond before maturity, it may be worth more or less than it was
paid for
• No ownership……
 Capital Market……
• There are potential risks associated with this market, such as, absence of
robust bankruptcy framework, insufficient liquidity, narrow investor base,
refinancing risk, lack of better market facilities and standardisation.
• Banks NPA, 2008 global crisis, Infrastructure financing - need a robust
corporate bond market for diversifying risk.
• India has a very advanced G-sec market; its corporate bond market is
relatively under developed
• gilt-edged securities’ vs Junk Bonds - CRA

G-sec market – Regulated by RBI

• Govt raise funds by issuing bonds – public, company, banks, FI s
• Banks – safe investment, mandatory SLR
• Have low interest rate – considered safe investment
• Foreign investors – can also invest – SEBI & RBI – Sovereign rating
• T- bills (< I yr), T- notes ( 1-10 yr), T-bonds ( > 10 yr)
 DEBENTURE
• A type of debt instrument that is not secured by physical assets or collateral.
• Debentures are backed only by the general creditworthiness and reputation of the issuer.
• Debentures have no collateral.
• Bond buyers generally purchase debentures based on the belief that the bond issuer is
unlikely to default on the repayment
• Convertible Debentures
These are the debentures that can be converted into shares of the company on the expiry
ofpre-decided period
• Non-convertible Debentures
The holders of such debentures can not convert their debentures into the shares of the
company.
Partially Convertible debentures

Optionally fully-convertible debentures (OFCD)?- Sahara Scam…

• These debentures can be converted into shares, when debt holder (investor) wishes (after
expiry of xyz pre-decided date).
• But the “rate”, will be decided by the company e.g. 20 debentures =>1 share.
• From investor’s view, this “option” to convert Debenture into Shares is good ONLY IF
• Company is likely to make huge profit (so you, the shareholder can EARN MORE dividend.)
 Capital Markets – Equity Market

• Take money from someone and offer him part ownership of the
company.
• Shares/Stocks, Angel Investors, VC

Shares vs stocks

• “50 Shares” of this company and Rs 10/each share

• “stock of Rs.500” in this company.

• Issuing Shares:- IPO, FPO,

• Rights issue:- issue additional shares to the existing shareholders only

• Dividends

• Bonus shares:- company also gives you extra shares instead of paying
dividend
• Venture Capital is a company that gives you money, to start your
company or to expand your company but in return they demand part of
ownership.
• They deal with only ‘big’ things, ‘big’ projects, ‘big’ investments
• They’ve their own team of Management experts, corporate lawyers,
chartered accountant, and business consultants. They study your business
plan, approve the money.
• Hands on approach- decision making
• They pool money from other resources.
• Generally – later stages

• Angel Investors:- Invests own money

• May be willing to be "hands-off" or "hands-on“
• Generally- initial stages
• they demand part of ownership
• Both VC & AE- sell their shares when co. listed & co. itself gives them money
in return of ownership they hold.
 Mutual Funds
• An investment vehicle that is made up of a pool of funds collected from many
investors for the purpose of investing in securities such as stocks, bonds,
money market instruments and similar assets.

• Mutual funds are operated by money managers, who invest the fund's capital
and attempt to produce capital gains and income for the fund's investors.

• A mutual fund's portfolio is structured and maintained to match the

investment objectives stated in its prospectus. 

• One of the main advantages of mutual funds is that they give small investors
access to professionally managed, diversified portfolios of equities, bonds
and other securities

• Open Ended Mutual Fund

• Close Ended Mutual Funds

 Hedge Funds & PNs
Hedge funds
• as private investment partnerships that are open to a limited number of
investors and require a very large initial minimum investment.
• Long term, high initial requirement, cater to sophisticated investors,
conditions
• Very big, very risky – high risk high return principle
• Banned in India

• Participatory Notes
• Participatory notes are offshore derivative instruments issued by FII
• These instruments aid investors who do not want to register with SEBI and
reveal their identities to take positions in the Indian market.
• Earlier making 40% of FII,
• 2007 SEBI – strict regulation – crticised
• Now Some norms relaxed- 10-15% of FII
 Derivatives

• A derivative is a financial instrument whose value is based on one or more

underlying assets.

• ECB- External Commercial Borrowing- raising resources from foreign

resources- bans, FIs – regulated by RBI- control on limits & purpose
• A foreign currency convertible bond (FCCB) is a type of corporate bond issued by
an Indian listed company in an overseas market and hence, in a currency different
from that of the issuer.
• the option of converting the bonds into equity at a price determined at the time the
bond is issued. 
• It also has the benefits of a debt instrument as it includes guaranteed returns or yields

which are payable in foreign currency . 

 Raising money from foreign resources-
• ECB , FCCB, ADR, GDR,
• Both ADR and GDR are depository receipts, and represent a claim on the underlying
shares. The only difference is the location where they are traded.
• If the depository receipt is traded in the United States of America (USA), it is called
an American Depository Receipt, or an ADR.
• Suppose, Indian Co. wants TO RAISE MONEY from America, by issuing shares in
American stock exchange.
• But then Indian co. will have to maintain accounts according to American standards.
• To prevent this problem, Indian company gives its shares to American bank.
• American bank gives that Indian company receipts (called ADR) in return of those
shares. Then Indian Co. can trade those ADR receipts in American share market,  TO
RAISE MONEY
• Sound good? Yes, but then Indian company will have to pay dividends to those
investors in Dollar currency.
• If the depository receipt is traded in a country other than USA, it is called a Global
Depository Receipt, or a GDR.
 IDR

• ADR= American depository receipt = from America’s point of view, it allows a

foreign company (e.g. Indian) TO RAISE MONEY from American financial market.

• Similarly, IDR= Indian depository receipt= from India’s point of view, it allows a
foreign company (e.g. American, British) TO RAISE MONEY from Indian financial
market.

• STAN C- only 1 till date

• unfavourable regulations, including absence of two-way fungibility

• IDR two-way fungibility -2013

• IDRs can be converted into underlying equity shares, and the underlying shares
can be converted into IDRs
FPI- FDI, FII, QFI

FDI FII
• when a foreign company invests in • when foreign investors invest in the
India directly by setting up a wholly
owned subsidiary or getting into a joint shares of a company that is listed in
venture India, or in bonds offered by an Indian
• Stable company
• Capital Formation
• Hot Money – come & leave - quickly
• Technology & management – know
how • Quick to attract- response to economy
• Employment indicators
• Catering domestic needs
• Cause volatility to market
• Increase healthy competition
• Tax revenues • No technology, no jobs, no capital
• Hurt domestic industry formation
• Tax revenues – not – take adv of
• Very sensitive to global economic
loopholes
• Difficult to attract & difficult to leave factors
 FDI in Multi Brand Retail---

• Govt allowed Multibrand reatail- 51% - conditions

• Million Plus cities, Min of $100 mn, 50% in backend infra,

• Min. compulsory procurement from MSME

 FDI in Multi Brand Retail-

Pros Cons
• Backend infra- less wastage, taming
• Hurting local kiryana stores-
inflation
• Technology & management knowhow- employment
SCM
• Hurting local manufacturers
• Better price to farmers- scientific
knowhow – direct selling – no middle • Predatory pricing – expensive to
man
customer- in long run
• More taxes to govt, revenues- $ 30 bn
• More choice, saving to customers • Exploitation of innocent farmers

• Good quality – no fake products

• Fears Exaggerated , safeguards

• Gradual expansion – in million cities only, already have multibrand stores-
• both surviving- complement each other
• Employment – disguised employment
• Predatory pricing- CCI
 SEBI
• SEBI act 1992- initially non statutory body
• 1998 the SEBI was constituted as the regulator of capital markets in India under a
resolution by GOI.
SEBI has to be responsive to the needs of three groups, which constitute the market:
• the issuers of securities
• the investors
• the market intermediaries
• SEBI- quasi legislative, quasi executive, quasi judicial

SEBI Initiates:-
• Corporatization and Demutualization of Stock Exchange
• Dematerialization of shares, e- trading
• T+2 settlement- to avoid speculation
• Rolling settlement – no grouping
• Mutual Fund –Industry
• SCORES- SEBI Complaints Redress System
Stock exchanges:-
BSE- Sensex NSE- Nifty

• Asia oldest- 1875

• 1992
• Sensex is a basket of 30
• Nifty- 50 cos
constituent stocks representing a
sample of large, liquid and • The base year is taken as 1995
representative companies
• The base value is set to 1000
• The base year of Sensex is 1978-79
and the base value is 100 • 1700 cos
• 5500 companies – largest
• Market Cap - $ 1.65 trn – 12th
• Market Cap - $ 1.7 trn – 11th
• Less volatile
 Other Exchanges--

• Currency trading- earning money- variation in exchange rate

• MCX Stock Exchange Limited (MCX-SX)
• India’s new stock exchange, commenced operations in the Currency Derivatives (CD)
segment on October 7, 2008
• under (SEBI) and Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

• Commodities Trading:- same as shares market- but commodities traded

• Regulated By FMC
• Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd (MCX)
• electronic commodity futures exchange.
• 2003, today, MCX holds a market share of over 85%* of the Indian commodity futures
market. 
• MCX offers more than 40 commodities

•
 Low Investor Base – Stock Market
• 1.5 crore investors only
• Difficult to understand
• Lack of awareness – Financial Literacy drives
• Attraction towards Gold –ETF, Gold Deposit scheme
• Mentality – Low risk
• Digital divide

• ETF – hybrid product

• Mutual fund = Investors <–>Mutual fund manager (AMC) <–>sharemarket
• AMC<–>authorized participants <–> Share-market <—>Investor
• ETFs are then sold to small investors and traded @stock exchange.
• Pros – Gold in demat form, quick buy & sell, money for capital formation
• Cons- unfamiliarity with stock trading platform, attraction for physical gold
 REITS & InvITS

• Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS)

• InvITS :- Infrastructure investment trusts

• Mechanism similar to REITS.
• fund manager builds infrastructure- ports, powerlines, highways.
 SEBI- SAHARA issue…..

• Two firms of Sahara Conglomerate:

• Sahara Housing Investment Corporation

• Sahara India Real Estate Corporation. (aka Sahara Commodities)

• These ^two companies Issued OFCD to collect money from investors.

• ~23 million people, mostly from villages and small towns subscribed to this
scheme.

•  They invested ~24,000 crores rupees in these OFCDs of SAHARA.

Problems faced in the existing framework

• Complexity
• Plethora of Acts
• Conflicts of Interest
• Regulatory Overlaps leading to Conflicts(PFRDA
Vs IRDA ;SEBI Vs IRDA)
• Regulatory gaps (chit funds & Ponzi schemes)
• Problems of Co-ordination

• Initiatives Taken – FSDC & FSLRC

 FSDC – Financial Stability & Development council

• Super Regulatory body

• Headed by FM

• Financial Stability

• Financial Sector Development

• Inter-Regulatory Coordination

• Financial Literacy

• Financial Inclusion

• Coordinating India's international interface with financial sector bodies

like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Financial Stability
Board (FSB) etc.
 FSLRC’s Regulatory Architecture
 Present    Proposed Functions 
RBI RBI Monetary policy; regulation
and supervision of banks;
regulation and supervision
of payments system.
SEBI United financial Regulation and
FMC agency (UFA) supervision of all non-
IRDA bank and payments
PFRDA related markets.
Securities Appellate FSAT Hear appeals against RBI,
Tribunal (SAT) the UFA and FRA.
Deposit Insurance and Resolution Resolution work across the
Credit Guarantee Corporation entire financial system.
Corporation (DICGC)
Financial Stability FSDC Statutory agency for
Development Council systemic risk and
(FSDC) development.
New entities Debt Management An independent debt
Agency management agency.
Collective Investment Scheme (CIS) Vs Chit Funds Vs Ponzi Schemes

• CIS is a kind of an investment scheme in which individuals come together

and pool their money for the purpose of investing in some assets and for
sharing returns that are gained by such investment

• To run Collective Investment scheme, you have to get permission - SEBI .

CHIT Funds :- kind of an investment scheme

• Members contribute money on monthly basis, and give it to one of their own
member through bidding.
• Winner doesn’t need to repay “loan” directly, but needs to contribute money
on monthly basis, so others can also win next time.
• State government’s registrar- state govt respective acts
• SEBI Act excludes chit funds from its ambit as Chit Funds are regulated by
the Chit Fund Act of 1982.
• RBI only provides overall guidelines
 Collective Investment Scheme (CIS) Vs Chit Funds Vs Ponzi Schemes

• Ponzi Schemes – MLM schemes

To handle such schemes- to regulate CIS in better- new SEBI act- any money
raising above limit of Rs 100cr- CIS- under SEBI
 Calculating Sensex

• Market capitalization – Total Market Cap to free float market cap

• market capitalisation weighted method in which weights are assigned

according to the size of the company.

• Larger the size, higher the weightage.

• base year of Sensex is 1978-79 and the base index value is set to 100 for that

period.

• SENSEX = Total Free float market cap (FFMC) of 30 companies today

divided by Total (FFMC) of 30 companies on 1st April 1979