Internet of Things

What is IoT?
 The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of
interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that
are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and
the ability to transfer data over a network
without requiring human-to-human or human-
to-computer interaction.
 A thing inthe internet of things can be a person
with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal
with a biochip transponder, an automobile that
has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire
pressure is low or any other natural or man-
made object that can be assigned an Internet
Protocol (IP) address and is able to transfer data
over a network.
How does IoT work?
 An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use
embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and communication
hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is
either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices
and act on the information they get from one another. The devices do
most of the work without human intervention, although people can
interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them
instructions or access the data.
Why is IoT important?
 The internet of things helps people live and work
smarter, as well as gain complete control over their
lives. In addition to offering smart devices to
automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT
provides businesses with a real-time look into how
their systems really work, delivering insights into
everything from the performance of machines to
supply chain and logistics operations.
 IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce
labor costs. It also cuts down on waste and improves service
delivery, making it less expensive to manufacture and deliver
goods, as well as offering transparency into customer
transactions.
 As such, IoT is one of the most important technologies of
everyday life, and it will continue to pick up steam as more
businesses realize the potential of connected devices to keep
them competitive.
What are the benefits of IoT to organizations?

 monitor their overall business processes;

 improve the customer experience (CX);
 save time and money;
 enhance employee productivity;
 integrate and adapt business models;
 make better business decisions; and
 generate more revenue.
What are the pros and cons of IoT?
Some of the advantages of IoT include the following:
 ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any
device;
 improved communication between connected electronic devices;
 transferring data packets over a connected network saving time
and money; and
 automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's
services and reducing the need for human intervention.
Some disadvantages of IoT include the following:
 As the number of connected devices increases and more information is
shared between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal
confidential information also increases.
 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers -- maybe
even millions -- of IoT devices, and collecting and managing the data
from all those devices will be challenging.
 If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected device will
become corrupted.
 Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's
difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with
each other.
Technologies that lead
to evolution of IoT
 ARPANET was the first connected network –
granddad of the Internet as we know it today.
The history of IoT starts with ARPANET.
 In 1982, a graduate student in Carnegie Mellon University’s
computer science department, David Nichols, wanted to know
if the department’s coke vending machine had cold soda
bottles. He was tired of going to the machine only to find
there was no cold bottle available; the vending machine was
quite some distance from his classrooms. So, he wanted to
have information beforehand.
 He was helped in this endeavor by Mike Kazar and Ivor
Durham, two fellow students, and John Zsarnay, a research
engineer at the university. The code they wrote could check if
coke was available in the vending machine, and if yes,
whether it was cold or not. Anyone on the university
ARPANET could monitor the status of the coke vending
machine.
 In 1982, a graduate student in Carnegie Mellon University’s
computer science department, David Nichols, wanted to know if
the department’s coke vending machine had cold soda bottles.
He was tired of going to the machine only to find there was no
cold bottle available; the vending machine was quite some
distance from his classrooms. So, he wanted to have information
beforehand.
 He was helped in this endeavor by Mike Kazar and Ivor Durham,
two fellow students, and John Zsarnay, a research engineer at the
university. The code they wrote could check if coke was
available in the vending machine, and if yes, whether it was cold
or not. Anyone on the university ARPANET could monitor the
status of the coke vending machine.
 Researchers and scientists seem to have a thing for caffeine –
cold or hot. In 1993, the Trojan Room Coffee Pot was built in
the computer laboratory of the University of Cambridge by
Quentin Stafford-Fraser and Paul Jardetzky in 1993. An
image of the interior of the pot was uploaded to the building
server thrice every minute. Later on, when browsers began
displaying images, these images could be viewed online.
 The next milestone in development of IoT came in 1999 when
Kevin Ashton, current Executive Director of the Auto-ID
Labs, coined the term internet of things. It was the title of a
presentation he made at Procter and Gamble (where he was
working at that point of time) about linking RFID in P&G’s
supply chain to the Internet.
 The term IoT began to be used in mainstream publications
like The Guardian and Scientific American by 2003-2004. In
the same period RFID deployed by the US department of
Defence and by Walmart in its stores.
 The United Nations International Telecommunications Union
acknowledged the impact of IoT in its report in 2005. It
predicted that IoT will help create an entirely new dynamic
network of networks.
 In March 2008, the first IoT conference was held in Zurich. It
brought together researchers and practitioners from both
academia and industry to facilitate sharing of knowledge. In the
same year, the US National Intelligence Council included the
Internet of Things as one of the six disruptive civil technologies.
 In its 2011 white paper, Cisco Internet Business Solutions
Group (CIBSG) said that internet of things can truly be said to
be born between 2008 and 2009 when the number of things
connected to the internet exceeded the number of people
connected to it. CIBSG calculated that the things to people ratio
grew from approximately 0.8 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010.
 Together with the white paper, Cisco released many
educational materials on the topic and started marketing
initiatives to attract clients looking to adopt IoT. IBM and
Ericsson joined the race soon after.
 In 2011 Gartner included IoT in its Hype cycle for emerging
technologies that were on the rise.
 In 2013 IDC released a report that predicted IoT market to
grow at a CAGR of 7.9% and reach USD 8.9 trillion by 2020.
SCADA
 SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.
This term has been around as long as there have been control
systems. Initially in the 1960’s these were made up of
automatically tripped levers, alarms that responded to sensors
and informed operators of issues, and other simple mechanical
systems.
 Once computers became more common and sensors
improved, systems were updated accordingly. As devices
became smarter and companies began to  use more robotics in
production type systems, SCADA has been transformed.
So, who uses SCADA systems?
 Initially
the oil and gas industry, water delivery, sewer
treatment, telecommunication and power companies
used the technology to monitor grids and networks
and ensure continuation of service. However, as
SCADA has become more sophisticated, it impacts
more industries than ever before.
How does SCADA work?
 These systems are made up of several parts. The first is the
data acquisition part of the system. This consists of sensors
and other devices that collect data from the overall production
system. This data is then gathered and sent back to the
supervisory control system.
 This system then does several things. The first is to categorize or index
the data so the system knows what it means. The second is to analyze
the data and see if it falls within normal parameters that don’t require
additional control. If it does, the data is simply entered as a time related
data point in the system providing a baseline for other decisions and
control to be based on.
 If the data is outside the normal parameters, the system decides what to
do. It will either initiate an automated control system or it will send an
alert to a human operator depending on the parameters and what
instructions have been set up previously.
There are several large advantages of SCADA 
compared to traditional industrial control systems, such
as:
 Decreased defects in the output
 Reduced production costs
 Real time detections of faults in machinery
 Remote control options for operators and supervisors
So how do the two work together?
 Quitesimply the IoT is the data acquisition and in
some cases the control mechanism for the SCADA
system. The IoT device does not necessarily make the
decision about what to do with the data it acquires. In
most cases, it does not even analyze it. It simply
transmits data to the control center.
 The point is that any SCADA system is made up of or
at least contains IoT devices, but not all IoT devices
are a part of a SCADA system.

 TheIoT provides the data, the SCADA system makes

decisions and through other IoT devices alerts
operators or initiates control measures.
NOTE!
 SCADA and the IoT are not the same thing, but they
do have overlap. Understanding the difference
between the two is essential to populating and
properly controlling a smart and connected production
environment.
THE END