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    Noise

    Uploaded by

    malai kani
    Noise can originate from various sources and interfere with measurement signals. It is important to minimize noise through strategies like shielding, proper mounting, and avoiding high temperatures. The signal-to-noise ratio sets an upper limit on how much a signal can be amplified before noise becomes a problem. Multiple amplifying stages can be cascaded but the overall noise figure is determined using Friis's formula, which accounts for the noise figure and gain of each individual stage.

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    Noise

    Uploaded by

    malai kani
    24 views26 pages
    Noise can originate from various sources and interfere with measurement signals. It is important to minimize noise through strategies like shielding, proper mounting, and avoiding high temperatures. The signal-to-noise ratio sets an upper limit on how much a signal can be amplified before noise becomes a problem. Multiple amplifying stages can be cascaded but the overall noise figure is determined using Friis's formula, which accounts for the noise figure and gain of each individual stage.

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    Noise can originate from various sources and interfere with measurement signals. It is important to minimize noise through strategies like shielding, proper mounting, and avoiding high temperatures. The signal-to-noise ratio sets an upper limit on how much a signal can be amplified before noise becomes a problem. Multiple amplifying stages can be cascaded but the overall noise figure is determined using Friis's formula, which accounts for the noise figure and gain of each individual stage.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    24 views26 pages

    Noise

    Uploaded by

    malai kani
    Noise can originate from various sources and interfere with measurement signals. It is important to minimize noise through strategies like shielding, proper mounting, and avoiding high temperatures. The signal-to-noise ratio sets an upper limit on how much a signal can be amplified before noise becomes a problem. Multiple amplifying stages can be cascaded but the overall noise figure is determined using Friis's formula, which accounts for the noise figure and gain of each individual stage.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Noise

    • Does not convey any useful information.


    • Extraneous disturbances generated in the measuring system itself or
    coming from outside. This give rise to a background against which a
    signal may be read.
    • There are many sources of noise. Noise may originate at the primary
    sensing device, in a communication
    Noise

    Common sources of noise


    • Stray electrical and magnetic fields present in the neighbour hood of the
    instruments produce extraneous signals which tend to distort the original
    signal. The effects of this can be minimized by adequae shielding or
    relocation of the components of the instruments
    • Mechanical shocks and vibrations and this can be eliminated by proper
    mounting devices
    • Resistors generate thermal agitation noise due to the thermal motion of
    electron in the interior. this increase with increase in the temperature of
    resistor. This is called Johnson noise
    • The noise may also originate from the use of vacuum tubes
    • It is desirable to keep the signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) as high as possible
    to accurately measure the wanted signal.
    • In amplyfying system, the signal to noise ratio sets an upper limit to
    amplification. Thus the wanted signal cannot be amplified to the extent as
    we want it to be on account of the fact that the noise is also amplified by
    the same ratio as the original signal.
    • Another issue is that the signal has to read against the backeground of
    amplifier noise
    03/06/2023
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    An amplifier operating on a frequency range from 18 to 20 MHz has a 10 kilo Ohm
    input resis. Find the rms noise voltage at the input to this amplifier if the ambient
    temperature is 27degree
    Calculate the rms noise voltage at the input of a video amplifier using a device
    having 300 ohms equivalent noise resistance and 400 ohms input resistor. It is given
    that the bandwidh of the amplifier is 7MHz and the ambient temperature is 27
    degree centigrade
    A mixer stage has a noise figure of 20dB and it is preceeded by an nother amplifier
    with a noise figure of 9dB and an available power gain of 15dB. Calculate the overall
    noise figure referred to the input

    Friss Formulae
    If each stage has a gain of 10dB and noise figure of 10dB, determine the
    Overall noise figure of a two stage cascaded amplifier
    Friis's formula
    • Friis's formula is used to calculate the total noise factor of a cascade of
    stages, each with its own noise factor and power gain (assuming that
    the impedances are matched at each stage). The total noise factor can
    then be used to calculate the total noise figure. The total noise factor is
    given as

    where Fi and Gi are the noise factor and available power gain, respectively, of the
    i-th stage, and n is the number of stages. Both magnitudes are expressed as
    ratios, not in decibels.
    03/06/2023
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    The power Spectrum density
    Is defined as the noise power per unit of frequency bandwidth.

    Sn= Pn/ f = kT
    It represents the noise energy generated per cycle of vibratory motion
    03/06/2023
    Noise Factor is the measure of degradation of the signal to noise ratio
    in a device. It is the ratio of the Signal to Noise Ratio at the input to
    the Signal to Noise Ratio at the output.

    Since the signal to noise ratio at the Where,


    output will always be lower than the
    Signal to Noise ratio at the input, the Sin = Signal level at input
    Noise Factor is always less than 1. Nin = Noise level at input
    The Lower Noise Factors results in
    better performance of a devices. Sout = Signal level at output
    Nout = Noise level at output
    The Noise Figure is Noise Factor expressed in decibels (dB). It can be calculated
    by the following equation:

    The Noise Figure is the parameter that is widely used to represent the noise
    level in RF systems and devices. Since it is represented in a logarithmic scale, it
    is easier to use than the Noise Factor.

    03/06/2023
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