Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
87 views

Noise in Communication Systems

The document defines noise in communication systems and discusses various sources of noise. It describes external noise sources like atmospheric noise from lightning, industrial noise from machines, and extraterrestrial noise from the sun and galaxies. It also explains internal noise sources within receivers like thermal noise from resistor heating and shot noise from transistor arrival variations. It provides formulas to calculate noise power, voltage, and signal-to-noise ratio. Noise figures and temperatures are introduced as measures of receiver noise performance.

Uploaded by

Goitom Haile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
87 views

Noise in Communication Systems

The document defines noise in communication systems and discusses various sources of noise. It describes external noise sources like atmospheric noise from lightning, industrial noise from machines, and extraterrestrial noise from the sun and galaxies. It also explains internal noise sources within receivers like thermal noise from resistor heating and shot noise from transistor arrival variations. It provides formulas to calculate noise power, voltage, and signal-to-noise ratio. Noise figures and temperatures are introduced as measures of receiver noise performance.

Uploaded by

Goitom Haile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Chapter 1

Noise in communication systems


 Definition
 Sources of noise
 Noise Calculations
Definition:
 Electrical noise may be said to be the
introduction of any unwanted energy,
which tend to interfere with the proper
reception and reproduction of
transmitted signals.
 Disturbances of an electrical nature
produce noise in receivers ,modifying
the signals in in unwanted manner.
 In radio receivers "hiss sound”& In Tv
receivers “colored snow”
Sources of noise
 External
 Noise whose sources are external to the receiver.
 Difficult to treat quantitatively .
 Atmospheric
 Industrial
 Extra-terrestrial
 Solar noise

 Cosmic noise

 Internal
 Noise created with in the receiver it self.
 Both more quantifiable &capable of being reduced by appropriate
receiver design.
Atmospheric
 Atmospheric noise also known as static
 It is caused by naturally occurring
disturbances in the earth’s atmosphere
SOURCES
 lightening discharges,
 thunderstorms and other natural
electric disturbances.
Nature and Form
 It comes in the form of amplitude
modulated impulses.
 Such impulse processes are random and
spread over the whole of the RF
spectrum used for broadcasting.
 It consists of spurious radio signals with
many frequency components.
 It is propagated in the same way as
ordinary radio waves of the same
frequency.
 Any radio station will therefore receive
static from thunderstorms both local
and distant.
 It affects radio more than it affects
television. The reason, field strength is
inversely proportional to frequency.
At 30MHz and above atmospheric noise is less
severe for two reasons:

•Higher frequencies are limited to line of


sight propagation

•Very little of this noise is generated in the


VHF range and above.
Industrial
 Noise made by man easily outstrips any
other between the frequencies of 1 to
600 MHz.
 This includes such things as car and
aircraft ignition, electric motors,
switching equipment, leakage from high
voltage lines etc.
Extraterrestrial
Solar noise
 This is the noise that originates from
the sun.
 The sun radiates a broad spectrum of
frequencies, including those, which are
used for broadcasting.
•The sun is an active star and is

constantly changing

•It undergoes cycles of peak activity from

which electrical disturbances erupt.

•The cycle is about 11 years long.


Cosmic noise

•Distant stars also radiate noise in much the


same way as the sun.
•The noise received from them is called
black body noise.
•Noise also comes from distant galaxies in
much the same way as they come from the
milky way.
Extraterrestrial noise is observable at
frequencies in the range from about 8MHz
to 1.43GHz.

Apart from man made noise it is strongest


component over the range of 20 to
120MHz.

Not much of it below 20MHz penetrates


below the ionosphere
Internal Noise
This is the noise generated by any of
the active or passive devices found in
the receiver.
This type of noise is random and
difficult to treat on an individual basis
but can be described statistically.
Random noise power is proportional to
the bandwidth over which it is
measured.
Gaussian Noise

This is the cumulative effect of all random noise generated


both external and internal to the communication system
and averaged over a period of time. This includes all
frequencies.

For electronic circuits this more specifically called white


noise, Johnson noise or Thermal noise.
Thermal Noise

The noise generated by the agitation and interaction


of electrons is called thermal noise.
The internal kinetic energy of a particle can be
expressed through its temperature.

The kinetic energy of a body is zero at a temperature


of absolute zero.
The noise generated by a resistor, for example, is
proportional to its absolute temperature as well as
the bandwidth over which the noise is to be
measured.
Pn  Tf
Pn  kTf
where k = Boltzmann’s constant J/K (joules per Kelvin)
T = absolute temperature in Kelvin, K = 273 + oC

f = frequency bandwidth of system

Pn = maximum noise power output


Any ordinary resistor not connected to a voltage
source will have a voltage associated with it in such
a case the resistor may be represented
diagrammatically as shown.

R RLoad
V
If the load is noiseless and is receiving the
maximum noise power generated by our
noisy resistor then the following is true:
2 2 2 2
V V (Vn 2) Vn
Pn    
RLoad R R 4R

Vn  4kTfR
Observations

For maximum power transfer:


V =Vn/2

That is t the voltage across the load is half the voltage of


the noise generating resistor.

Also Pn  kTf
Example

Determine the noise voltage produced by a


1 M resistor at room temperature (17 oC)
over a 1 MHz bandwidth.
Example 2

An amplifier operating over the frequency range


from 18 to 20 MHz has a 10 kilo Ω input resistor.
What is the rms noise voltage at the input to the
amplifier if the ambient temperature is 27 oC?
Shot noise

In a transistor the major contributor to noise is called shot noise.


Caused by Radom variations in the arrival of e’s (or holes)@the out
put electrode of an amplifying device & appears as a randomly
varying noise current superimposed on the output.
The formula for shot noise in a diode is given as:

in  2qIdcf
in = rms shot noise current
q = charge of an electron = 1.6 1019 C
I dc= direct diode current
 f = frequency bandwidth of system
Example

Find the shot noise current for a diode with a


forward bias of 1mA over a 100 kHz
bandwidth.
Noise Calculations

Addition of Noise due to several sources in series


Given two sources of thermal agitation,
Vn1  4kTfR1 Vn 2  4kTfR2

The sum of their effect is given by

Vn ,tot  V  V  4kTfR1  4kTfR2


2
n1
2
n2

Vn,tot  4kTf ( R1  R2 )
Example

Calculate the noise voltage at the input of a


television RF amplifier using a device that has 200
Ω equivalent noise resistance and a 300 Ω input
resistor. The bandwidth of the amplifier is 6 MHz
and the temperature is 17oC.
Noise Figure
Signal to noise Ratio
 Two main reasons why we calculate equivalent
noise of a device
 to compare two devices in order to evaluate their
performance
 to compare the signal and the noise at the same
point to ensure that noise is not excessive
The measure for this calculation is the signal to
noise ratio. This is a relative measure of the
desired signal power to the noise power
Signal to noise Ratio
signal power Ps
S/N  
noise power Pn

Ps
In decibel S / N  10 log10
Pn
Example
An amplifier operating over a 4 MHz bandwidth has a
100 Ω input resistance. It is operating at 27 oC, has
voltage gain of 200 and has an input signal of 5mV rms.
Determine the rms output signals (desired and noise)
disregarding any external sources of noise. Calculate the
signal to noise ratio at the output.
Noise Figure

This term is used to describe how noisy a device


is. It is a ratio of the signal to ratio at the input to
the signal to noise ratio at the output.

input S/N
F
output S/N

input S/N
F  10 log10 dB
output S/N
Example

A transistor amplifier has a measured S/N power of 10 at its


input and 5 at its output. Calculate the noise figure.

input S/N
Show that the equation F  10 log10
output S/N
can be written as F  10 log 10 input S/N - 10log 10output S/N
Example

Two resistors,5 k Ω and 20 k Ω, are at 27oC. Calculate


the thermal noise power and voltage for a 10 kHz
bandwidth.
for each resistor
for their series combination
for their parallel combination
Noise temperature

 Most convenient measure of noise especially in dealing


with UHF & microwave low-noise antennas ,receivers
or devices.
 After along process derivation we get the equivalent
noise temperature (Teq)of the amplifier or receiver
whose noise figure is ‘F’.
i.e F=1+Req/Ra or
F=1+Teq/To where Ra=antenna resistance
&To=absolute temperature 17oC=290 K
Example

A receiver connected to an antenna whose


resistance is 50Ω has an equivalent noise
resistance of 30Ω.Calculate the receiver’s
noise figure in decibels & its equivalent
noise temperature.
???????

Thank you!

You might also like