Hazardous Areas

Flash point (C)

acetone 19
toluene 6
methanol 11
ethanol 12
kerosene 38
nitrobenzene 88
Care: spraying or use of a wick change properties
 Liquids with a flashpoint below 32oC are termed ‘HIGHLY
FLAMMABLE’
The temperature at which a flammable mixture will start to
burn
AIT (C)
hydrogen 560
ethylene 450
kerosene 210
diethyl ether 170
carbon disulphide 102
100-
90-
80- hydrogen(4-76%)
70-
60-
50- ethylene
kerosene
40- ammonia (2.7-34% )
(0.7-5% )
30- (15-28%)
20- propane
(2-9.5%)
10-
methane
0-
(5-15%)
 
MIE (J)
methane 525
propane 320
ethylene 160
hydrogen 40
 EEx d IIB T4

  Temperature class:
Apparatus group: T1 <450C
I mining
IIA propane group T2 <300C
IIB ethylene group T3 <200C
IIC hydrogen group T4 <135C
T5 <100C
II all gases
T6 <85C
Design philosophy and selection of
equipment/apparatus
FLAMEPROOF EQUIPMENT, Ex d
The flameproof principle

Electrical equipment which may ignite a

flammable gas is placed inside an enclosure
which is able to withstand the pressure
generated by an internal explosion and which
prevents transmission of the flame to an
external flammable atmosphere.
How Ex d equipment works
Perfect seal Gaps permitted
- impractical - up to a maximum

NOTE: the enclosure does not require a gap to relieve

pressure - the ideal is no gap
The electrical equipment is housed in a specially constructed
enclosure which does not permit an internal explosion to ignite the
surrounding atmosphere.

A flameproof enclosure is built strong enough to resist the internal

forces of an exploding gas, and with gaps narrow enough to cool
(reduce the energy) of the exploding gases so that they cannot
ignite a flammable gas outside the enclosure.
Tests show that even if a small gap is present between the cover
and lid, the internal flame is quenched provided the gap is not too
wide.

Thus, a gap is allowed between mating surfaces up to a specified

maximum.

Flameproof enclosures do not rely on the maintenance of a gap to

relieve the pressure - no gap at all gives the biggest safety margin.
Types of flamepath
 Max. gap (mm)

IIA 0.4
IIB 0.2
IIC 0.1
 increased safety approach

Ignition of the flammable gas is prevented

by avoiding arcs, sparks & hot surfaces.
Enclosures are weather-proof.

This method is exemplified by:

- INCREASED SAFETY (EEx e)
- Also copied by EEx nA (non-sparking)
Increased Safety ‘e’
Basic principles

Increased safety is intended for products in which arcs and

sparks do not occur in normal or under fault conditions.
The surface temperatures of the relevant parts are
controlled below incendive values.

Increased safety is achieved by reducing current ratings

and enhancing insulation values and creepage and
clearance distances above those required for normal
service.
Typical products are junction boxes, luminaries, induction
motors, transformers and heating devices.
The key design features for increased safety are:
Enclosures must be constructed such that they can
withstand the mechanical impact test and provide a
specified degree of ingress protection.
Non-metallic materials must comply with the following
requirements:

– Thermal endurance to heat.

– Thermal endurance to cold.
– Resistance to light.
Junction boxes

Ex e enclosures that contain bare conductive parts

require an ingress protection of IP 54.
If only insulated conductive parts are fitted, IP 44 will
suffice.
In practice however, users require enclosures with an
ingress protection of IP 66 or higher.

Enclosures may be provided with drain holes or ventilation

openings to prevent the accumulation of
condensation.
 Case withstands
7 J impact

Material suitable
Gasket or O-ring to
for environment
give IP54 minimum
(frequently plastic)
The ingress protection may be reduced but no less than
IP44 when fitted with bare conductive parts or IP24 when
fitted with insulated conductive parts.
training@saharagroup.com.tr
 SAFETY OF HOUSEHOLD AND SIMILAR
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions apply.
Where the terms voltage and current are used they imply r.m.s.
values, unless otherwise specified.
rated voltage: Voltage assigned to the appliance by the
manufacturer.

NOTE:
For three-phase supply it is the voltage between phases.
Scope

This standard deals with the safety of electrical appliances for

household and similar purposes, the rated voltage of the
appliances being not more than 250 V for single-phase
appliances and 480 V for other appliances.

Appliances may incorporate motors, heating elements or their

combination.

So far as is practicable, this standard deals with the common

hazards presented by appliances, which are encountered by all
persons in and around the home.
rated voltage range:

Voltage range assigned to the appliance by the manufacturer,

expressed by its lower and upper limits.

rated power input: Power input assigned to the appliance by the

manufacturer.

rated power input range: Power input range assigned to the appliance by
the manufacturer expressed by its lower and upper limits.

Rated current: Current assigned to the appliance by the manufacturer.

NOTE:

If no current is assigned to the appliance, the rated current is

-for heating appliances, the current calculated from the rated power
input and the rated voltage;

- for motor-operated appliances, the current measured when the

appliance is rated voltage and operated under normal operation.
rated frequency: Frequency assigned to the appliance by the
manufacturer.

rated frequency range: Frequency range assigned to the appliance

by the manufacturer, expressed by its lower and upper limits.

normal operation: Conditions under which the appliance is

operated in normal use when connected to the supply.
basic insulation:

Insulation applied to live parts to provide basic protection against

electric shock.

supplementary insulation:

Independent insulation applied in addition to the basic insulation, in

order to provide protection against electric shock in the event of a
failure of the basic insulation.
double insulation:

Insulation system comprising both basic insulation and

supplementary insulation.

reinforced insulation:

Single insulation applied to live parts, which provides a degree of

protection against electric shock equivalent to double insulation
under the conditions specified in this standard.
class 0 appliance:

Appliance in which protection against electric shock relies upon

basic insulation; this implies that there are no means for the
connection of conductive accessible parts, if any, to the protective
conductor in the fixed wiring of the installation, reliance in the event
of a failure of the basic insulation being placed upon the
environment.
class 01 appliance:

Appliance having at least basic insulation throughout and

incorporating with an earthing terminal but with a supply cord
without earthing conductor and a plug without earthing contact.

Class I appliance:

Appliance in which protection against electric shock does not rely

on basic insulation only but which includes an additional safety
precaution in that conductive accessible parts are connected to the
protective earthing conductor in the fixed wiring of the installation in
such a way that conductive accessible parts cannot become live in
the event of a failure of the basic insulation.
class II appliance:

Appliance in which protection against electric shock does not rely

on basic insulation only but in which additional safety precautions,
such as double insulation or reinforced insulation, are provided,
there being no provision for protective earthing or reliance upon
installation conditions.
General requirement

Appliances shall be constructed so that in normal use they function

safely so as to cause no danger to persons or surroundings, even
in the event of carelessness that may occur in normal use.

If a heating appliance has a rated voltage range, the upper limit of

the voltage range will usually be the most unfavourable voltage
within the range.
For combined appliances and motor-operated appliances and for
appliances having more than one rated voltage or rated voltage
range, it may be necessary to make some of the tests at the
minimum, the mean and the maximum values of the rated voltage
or the rated voltage range in order to establish the most
-When it is specified, for heating appliances and combined appliances marked
with a rated power input range, that the power input is equal to the rated
power input multiplied by a factor, the power input is equal to

-the upper limit of the rated power input range multiplied by this factor, if
greater than 1;

- the lower limit of the rated power input range multiplied by this factor, if
smaller than 1.
Classification

Appliances shall be of one of the following classes with respect to protection

against electric shock:
class I, class II, class III.

Compliance is checked by inspection and by the relevant tests.

Appliances shall have the appropriate degree of protection against harmful

ingress of water.

Compliance is checked by inspection and by the relevant tests.

NOTE - The degrees of protection against harmful ingress of water are given
in IEC 529.
Appliances to be connected to more that two supply conductors and
appliances for multiple supply shall have a connection diagram fixed to them,
unless the correct mode of connection is obvious.
Protection against access to live parts

Appliances shall be constructed and enclosed so that there is adequate

protection against accidental contact with live parts.

An accessible part is not considered to be live if

- the part is supplied at safety extra-low voltage provided that:
- r a.c., the peak value of the voltage does not exceed 42,4 V;
- r d.c., the voltage does not exceed 42,4 V;
Power input and current

The power input of the appliance at rated voltage and at normal

operating temperature shall not deviate from the rated power input
by more than the deviation shown in table 1.
Heating

Appliances and their surroundings shall not attain excessive temperatures in

normal use.

Compliance is checked by determining the temperature rise of the various

parts under the conditions specified.

But if the temperature rise of the motor winding exceeds the value specified in
table 3 or if there is doubt with regard to the classification of the insulation
system employed in a motor, by the tests of annex C.
Leakage current and electric strength at operating temperature
At operating temperature, the leakage current of the appliance shall not be
excessive and its electric strength shall be adequate.

Heating appliances are operated at 1,15 times the rated power input.
Motor-operated appliances and combined appliances are supplied at 1,06
times the rated voltage.

Three-phase appliances which, according to the instructions for installation,

are also suitable for single-phase supply are tested as single-phase
appliances with the three circuits connected in parallel.

Protective impedance and radio interference filters are disconnected before

carrying out the tests.
After the appliance has been operated for a duration as specified time, the
leakage current shall not exceed tre following values:
The insulation is subjected for 1 min to a voltage of substantially sinusoidal
waveform having a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz.

For single-phase appliances, the connections are shown in figure 8.

Moisture
The enclosure of the appliance shall provide the degree of protection against
moisture in accordance with the classification of the appliance.

The Ingress Protection (IP) for all low voltage enclosures up to

1000 V a.c. and 1500 V d.c. is defined in identical fashion by the
standards EN 60529 - IEC 529 it comprises the letters IP followed by two
character numerals and or additional/supplementary letters.
-The first character numeral indicates the degree of protection
provided by the enclosure against access to hazardous parts by preventing or
limiting the ingress of a part of the human body or an object held by a person
and ingress of solid foreign objects.

-The second character numeral indicates the degree of protection provided by

the enclosure with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the
ingress of water.

An X signifies that the tests are not applicable to the product.

Overload protection of transformers and associated circuits
Appliances incorporating circuits supplied from a transformer shall be
constructed so that in the event of short circuits which are likely to occur in
normal use, excessive temperatures do not occur in the transformer or in the
circuits associated with the transformer.

Compliance is checked by applying the most unfavourable short circuit or

overload which is likely to occur in normal use, the appliance being supplied
with 1,06 times or 0,94 times rated voltage, whichever is the more favourable.

The temperature rise of the insulation of the conductors of safety extra-low

voltage circuits shall not exceed the relevant value specified in table 3 by more
than 15 K.
The supply voltage, determined prior to the test, is that required to provide a
power input of 0,85 times rated power input under normal operation when the
power input has stabilized.
This voltage is maintained throughout the test.