Evidence of Evolution

Quarter 3:Week 4

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LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

• Explain evidences of evolution (e.g., biogeography,

fossil record, DNA/ protein sequences, homology,
and embryology) STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-12

• Infer evolutionary relationships among organisms

using the evidence of evolution (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-
g-13
OBJECTIVES

Describe the evidence of

evolution;
Appreciate that evidences from
paleontology, embryology,
morphology, anatomy and
molecular biology can be used
to explain evidence of evolution
4 PICS ONE WORD
EVOLUTION
FOSSIL
LIFE
EMBRYOLOGY
HOMOLOGY
WHAT IS LIFE?

According to Dubeck et al., 2004 all living organisms

share characteristics which biologically distinguish
them from non- living things. The following are the
characteristics:
a. Cellular complexity- all living things are
composed of either one or more cells
b. Growth and Development – organisms undergo
different stages, which follow a systematic process
from birth to maturity
c. Reproduction- to ensure continuity of life,
organisms undergo reproduction that pass traits from
one generation to next.
d. Irritability/ Ability to response to
stimuli- all organisms are very sensitive to
different stimuli. This response refers to any
movement to stimuli in the organisms’ own
volition.
e. Homeostasis- The ability of the organism
to maintain balance in different environmental
condition.
 Guide Questions
Fossil Evidence of
Evolution
 How do fossils form?
 How do scientists date
fossils?
 What evidences did scientists
use to support the theory of
evolution?

 What recent evidences prove

that evolution is taking place?
 Geologists have divided Earth’s
history into a series of time
intervals. These time intervals are
not equal in length like the hours in
a day. Instead, the time intervals
are variable in length. This is
because geologic time is divided
using significant events in the
history of the Earth.
Absolute time ("chronometric") -
numerical ages in "millions of years" or
some other measurement. These are
most commonly obtained via
radiometric dating methods performed
on appropriate rock types.
TWO TYPES OF EVIDENCE:

 DIRECT EVIDENCE -can be

directly observed or seen

 INDIRECT EVIDENCE- does

not involve actual observation of
evolution but from which
evolution may be inferred
1. Fossil Record
The fossil record helps paleontologists,
archaeologists, and geologists place
important events and species in the
appropriate geologic era. It is based
on the Law of Superposition which
states that in undisturbed rock
sequences the bottom layers are older
than the top layers. Therefore, some
discovered fossils can be dated
according to the strata, a distinct layer
of rock, that they are found in.
 The Fossil Record is made up of all
the fossils ever discovered on Earth.

 The fossil record provides evidence

that species have changed over time.

 Based on fossil evidence, scientists

can recreate the physical appearance
of species that are no longer alive on
Earth.
The fossil
record is
evidence
that horses
descended
from
organisms for
which only
fossils exist
today.
Fossil Formation
 Only the dead animal’s hard parts, such as
bones, shells, and teeth, remain.
 Under rare conditions, these parts become
fossils.
 The impression of an organism in a rock
is called a mold.
 A cast is a fossil copy of an organism in
a rock.
ATrace Fossil is the preserved
evidence of the activity of an
organism.

fossil
from Latin fossilis, means “to obtain
by digging”
Determining a Fossil’s Age
Instead of dating fossils
directly, scientists date the
rocks the fossils are embedded
inside.
In relative-age dating,
scientists determine the
relative order in which rock
layers were deposited.
Determining a Fossil’s Age (cont.)

Scientists take advantage of

radioactive decay, a natural
clocklike process in rocks, to learn
a rock’s absolute age, or its age in
years.
To measure the age of sedimentary
rock layers, scientists calculate the
ages of igneous layers above and
below them.
However, the information obtained from fossil
is relatively incomplete for several reasons.
1. Only a small number of fossils are found;
2. Soft tissues are rarely preserved;
3. Most fossils have been destroyed by
erosion, and or/ movement of the earth’s crust
may have caused some fossils to be buries
deeply; and
4. Fossilization takes place only in places
where conditions are favorable.
2. Biogeography is the study of the
distribution of species on Earth in the
past and present, and how the distribution
is affected by abiotic factors such as habitat,
climate and terrain. The field is divided into
three disciplines of biogeography: historical,
ecological and conservation
 Geography & environment gives evidence for
evolution
 Island species most closely resemble nearest
mainland species
 Populations can show variation from one
island to another

30
Historical biogeography is also called
paleobiogeography and studies species
distribution now as it relates to distribution
in the past.
Ecological biogeography examines the
distribution of species in relation to biotic
and abiotic factors in the environment.
Conservation biogeography is a relatively
new field of biogeography which combines the
study of conservation with biogeography to try
and anticipate future conditions so that
planning can be done to protect the
biodiversity on Earth.
 He was born January 8, 1823 in Usk,
Monmouthshire, Wales. Wallace
started an expedition of his own
in 1848 through the Amazon and
South Asian region. Wallace spent
eight years in the Malay
Archipelago, from 1854 to 1862,
traveling among the islands,
collecting biological specimens for
his own research and for sale, and
writing scores of scientific articles
on mostly zoological subjects. He
devised what became known as the
Wallace Line, the boundary separating
Australian fauna from Asian fauna.

Alfred Russel Wallace: The

Father of Biogeography
 3. DNA and Protein Structure

All living cells have the same basic

DNA structure and use the same
genetic code. Proteins produced from
genes all come from the same set of
amino acids. Comparing sections of
DNA in difference species has shown
that even organisms that seem to be
different, actually have large sections of
identical DNA.
Organisms with similar DNA share
common ancestors and are closely
related
Organisms that seem fairly similar on the
basis of comparative anatomy, show more
genes in common than organisms that
aren’t much alike. For example, 96% of the
genes in humans and chimpanzees are
identical. That two species and their
common ancestor have similar DNA is
strong evidence supporting evolution.
Protein amino acid sequences can also be
used to compare similarities between species.
Proteins are made from amino acids and the
sequence of these amino acids is controlled
by genes.
Protein amino acid sequences can also be
used to compare similarities between
species. Proteins are made from amino acids
and the sequence of these amino acids is
controlled by genes.
4. Comparative Anatomy
HOMOLOGY is the study of
similarities and differences among
structures of living species.
Homologous structures are body
parts of organisms that are similar
in structure and position but
different in function. Homologous
structures ARE EVIDENCE of a
common ancestor.
The forelimbs of these species are
different sizes, but their placement
and structure suggest common
ancestry.
o Analogous Structure Organisms evolve
Body parts that perform to the environment
a similar function but in similar ways!
differ in structure. They Wings and fins are
DO NOT show common perfect examples!
ancestry
Vestigial structures are body parts that have lost
their original function through evolution.
5. Embryology Is the science of the
development of embryos from fertilization to
birth.
Evidence from biochemistry- show
similarities in the molecules of life such as
proteins, DNA and RNA; similarities in the
sequence reflects relationship
 Biochemical Evidence
 Two closely-related
organisms will have
similar DNA, RNA,
and protein (amino
acid) sequences.
 This also gives
evidence of a common
ancestor.
45
ACTIVITY : IT’S CREATION TIME!

In a Cartolina paper, draw an imaginary organism that

can survive both in the water and land. Make your
creative instinct work!
RUBRICS
Organization ----------- 10 points
Content ----------------- 10 points
Visual presentation ---5 points
__________________________________
Total 25 points
Finding practical applications of concepts
and skills in daily living

Evidences to support that Evolution is

happening in recent times
1. Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
2. Pesticide Resistance
3. Variation in the Beaks of Finches
4. Industrial Melanism in Peppered Moth
5. Domestication of Dogs
6. Cultivation of Crops
Guide Questions
 How do homologous structures provide
evidence for evolution?
 How are vestigial structures evidence of
descent from ancestral species?
 How do pharyngeal pouches provide
evidence of relationships among
species?
• By comparing the
anatomy of
organisms and
looking for
homologous
or analogous
structures,
scientists can
determine if
organisms had a
common ancestor.
• Some organisms have vestigial
structures, suggesting that they
descended from a species that used
the structure for a purpose.
• Scientists use evidence
from developmental and
molecular biology to help
determine if organisms
are related.
Key Concepts

 Fossils form in many ways, including mineral

replacement, carbonization, and impressions
in sediment.
 Scientists can learn the ages
of fossils by techniques of
relative-age dating and
absolute-age dating.
 Though incomplete, the fossil
record contains patterns suggesting the
biological evolution of related species.
Fossils provide only one source of
evidence of evolution. Additional
evidence comes from living species,
including studies in comparative
anatomy, embryology, and molecular
biology.
The more recently they share a
common ancestor, the more closely
they are related.
Lesson 1 – LR2
1. Which is the preserved
evidence of the activity of an
organism?
A. cast
B. fossil record
C. mold
D. trace fossil
Lesson 3 – LR3
2. Which describes the study of
similarities and differences among
structures of living species?
A. adaptation
B. embryology
C. comparative anatomy
D. molecular biology
ASSIGNMENT

1. How do we infer relationships

among organisms given the
various evidences of evolution?