Entropy: Shahroze Umar

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles

McGraw-Hill, 2008
Chapter 7
ENTROPY
Shahroze Umar
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
ENTROPY
Entropy is one of thermodynamic

property of a system.
Entropy always designated as s,
is an extensive property
and has the unit kJ/kg · K.
2
CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
The second law often leads inequalities.
An irreversible heat engine is less efficient than a reversible one operating between
the same two thermal energy reservoirs
Clasius inequality stated by the German
physicist R. J. E. Clausius (1822–1888),
TL 300
 max  1   1  70%
TH 1000
the cyclic integral of dQ/T is always less

than or equal to zero
Reversible Irreversible
dQ is heat transfer through the Or Internally Reversible

system boundary
T is the absolute temperature at the
boundary 3
Example 7.1
A heat engine receives 600 kJ of heat from a high-temperature source at 1000
K. It converts 150 kJ of this heat into work and gets rid of it the remaining heat to
the 300K temperature sink. Determine whether this heat engine reversible,
irreversible or impossible using the concept of: (a) Clausius inequality (b)
Carnot's principle
Q QH QL 600 450
(a)  T  TH  TL  1000  300  0.9kJ / K
The –ve sign indicates an irreversible process
TL 300

(b) max  1   1   0.70
T H 1000
QL 450
 HE  1   1  0.25
QH 600
0.25 < 0.70 therefore the process is irreversible

4
ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
Clausius realized in 1865 that he had discovered a new thermodynamic
property, and he choose to name this property entropy. It is designated
S and is defined as
Engineers are usually concerned with the changes in entropy
Notice that we have actually defined the change

in entropy instead of entropy itself, just as we
defined the change in energy instead of the
energy itself when we developed the first-law
relation 5
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
A cycle composed of a
reversible and an
irreversible process.
This equation can be expressed as the
entropy of a system during a process
always increases or,
in the limiting case of a reversible process,
remains constant. In other words, it never
decreases.
6
The entropy change of a closed system during an irreversible process is
always greater than the entropy transfer.
Some entropy is generated during an irreversible process, and this
generation is due entirely to the presence of irreversibilities
Called entropy generation and is denoted by Sgen.
The entropy generation Sgen

is always a positive quantity
or zero.
7
WHAT IS ENTROPY?
Boltzmann
relation
A pure crystalline substance at absolute zero

temperature is in perfect order, and its entropy is
zero (the third law of thermodynamics).
The level of molecular

disorder (entropy) of a
substance increases as it Disorganized energy does not create much
melts or evaporates. useful effect, no matter how large it is.
8
The paddle-wheel work done on a gas increases the
level of disorder (entropy) of the gas, and thus energy
is degraded during this process.
In the absence of During a heat

friction, raising a transfer process, the
weight by a rotating net entropy
shaft does not increases. (The
create any disorder increase in the
(entropy), and thus entropy of the cold
energy is not body more than
degraded during this offsets the decrease
process. in the entropy of
the hot body.) 9
10
ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Entropy is a property, and thus the
value of entropy of a system is fixed
once the state of the system is fixed.
Schematic of the T-s diagram for water.
The entropy of a pure substance Entropy change

is determined from the tables
(like other properties).
11
12
1.5 kg 150 kPa
20C
4000 kJ
150 kPa 20C 0.2965 kJ/kg.K

20C 20C 83.915 kJ/kg
150 kPa
4000 kJ 1.5 kg 83.915 kJ/kg

2750.6 kJ/kg
150 kPa 7.3674 kJ/kg.K

2750.6 kJ/kg
1.5 kg 7.3674 - 0.2965 kJ/kg.K

10.61 kJ/K
13
THE ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES
From the first T ds relation
From the second T ds relation
14
15
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
A process during which the entropy remains constant is called
an isentropic process.
Many engineering systems or devices such

as pumps, turbines, nozzles, and diffusers
that perform best are essentially adiabatic
in their operation, and they perform when
the irreversibilities are nil.
Therefore, an isentropic process can serve
as an appropriate model for actual
processes
Also, isentropic processes enable us

to define efficiencies for processes to
compare the actual performance of
these devices to the performance under
idealized conditions.
16
17
ISENTROPIC
EFFICIENCIES OF
STEADY-FLOW DEVICES
The isentropic process involves no
irreversibilities and serves as the ideal
process for adiabatic devices.
Isentropic
Efficiency
of
Turbines
The h-s diagram for

the actual and
isentropic
processes of an
adiabatic turbine.
18
19
ENERGY BALANCE ON A LIQUID PUMP
20
Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps
When kinetic and

potential energies
are negligible
For a
pump
Isothermal The h-s diagram

efficiency of the actual and
isentropic
processes of an
adiabatic
compressor.
Compressors
Can you use isentropic efficiency for a
are sometimes
non-adiabatic compressor?
intentionally
cooled to Can you use isothermal efficiency for
minimize the an adiabatic compressor?
work input. 21
WORKING ANIMATION OF A COMPRESSOR
22
23
24

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Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles

Entropy is one of thermodynamic

Entropy always designated as s,

the cyclic integral of dQ/T is always less

dQ is heat transfer through the Or Internally Reversible

0.25 < 0.70 therefore the process is irreversible

Engineers are usually concerned with the changes in entropy

Notice that we have actually defined the change

Called entropy generation and is denoted by Sgen.

The entropy generation Sgen

A pure crystalline substance at absolute zero

The level of molecular

In the absence of During a heat

Schematic of the T-s diagram for water.

The entropy of a pure substance Entropy change

150 kPa 20C 0.2965 kJ/kg.K

4000 kJ 1.5 kg 83.915 kJ/kg

150 kPa 7.3674 kJ/kg.K

1.5 kg 7.3674 - 0.2965 kJ/kg.K

From the first T ds relation

From the second T ds relation

Many engineering systems or devices such

Also, isentropic processes enable us

The h-s diagram for

When kinetic and

Isothermal The h-s diagram

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