Writing

Writing
Introduction
Techniques in
writing the
Research
Introduction
Inverted Pyramid
Approach
Techniques in
writing the
Research
Introduction
Deficiencies Model
Approach Creswell
(2012)
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
Research question:
• Depend on the type of your research study
• Set the direction as to where your study will go
• State what you want to accomplish or achieve in the study
Two types of
problem
• General Problem
• Specific Problem
General Problem
• Serves as opening of your State of the Problem
• Based on your research title. Restate the general problem of your
study
Sample research title:
PEER TUTORING: ITS EFFECTS ON
READING FLUENCY OF TALISAY
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
General Problem sample:
The study aimed to determine peer tutoring
and its effect on reading fluency of grade
11 students of HUMSS Talisay Senior High
School
Specific Problems:
Two General types of research questions:
1. Non-Researchable questions
2. Researchable questions
Non-researchable questions
Questions of value answerable by YES or

NO
Example:
1. Do all Grade 11 students eat breakfast
before attending to their morning class?
Specific Problem sample:
1. What is the profile of the students in terms of:

1.1 age;
1.2 gender;
1.3grade and strand;and
1.4 health condition
PEER TUTORING: ITS EFFECTS ON READING
FLUENCY OF TALISAY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. How many peer tutoring be described as a strategy in
reading?
2. What is the level of reading fluency of Grade 11 students
of HUMSS TSHS?
3. Does peer tutoring have significant effect on reading
fluency?
SPIRAL CURRICULUM IN MATHEMATICS
EDUCATION: AN ASSESSMENT
Significance of the
Study
Significance of the study
Part of Chapter 1 that identifies the beneficiaries and
benefits will give when the problem is solved.
What do we consider in writing the
significance of the study?
Refer to the Problem Statement
In writing the significance of the study, always refer to
the statement of the problem. This way, you can clearly
define the contribution of your study
What do we consider in writing the
significance of the study?
To simplify, you research should answer the question
What are the benefits or advantages of the study based
on the statement of the problem?
Sample of Significance of the Study
Two styles in Writing Significance
of the Study:
A. Hierarchical Style
B. According to Importance Style
Hierarchical Style
Enumeration of the beneficiaries depends on the
position/authority
Sample:
1.Deped officials
2.Teachers
3. Students
According to Importance Style
Enumerate the beneficiaries based from the most
benefited to the least benefited
Example:
1. Students (most benefited)
2. Teachers
3. Deped Officials
Scope and Delimitation
of the Study
Limitations vs. Delimitations
Limitations Delimitations
Aim to identify the potential Aim to narrow the scope of
weakness of the study; the study; These are
These are influences, choices made and
shortcomings or conditions
that the researcher cannot
boundaries set by the
control researcher which should be
mentioned
Scope of the Study
You may begin with:

• This study will focus on . . .
• Th e scope of this study will be . . .
• This study will cover . . .
• The study will consist of . . .
Delimitation of the Study
You may begin with:

• The study will be limited to . . .
• This study is confined to . . .
• The study will not cover the. . .
Scope and Delimitations
• General purpose of the study
• Important details of the study
• Population/target respondents, sample size
• Geographical location/setting
• Duration/ research timeline or limit
Definition of
terms
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Definitions of terms is important because the

jargons or terms are clarified and are clearly
defined for the readers of the papers
2 TYPES OF DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Conceptual Definition
• Operational Definition
Conceptual Operational
Definition Definition
• The basic • How the term is
dictionary applied or used
definition in research
• The universal
meaning of the
terms
Writing the Definition of Terms
• Only words or phrases that have special

meanings in the study are defined
What to define?
• Important words in the title-variables
• Technical terms applied/used in the paper
• Words for treatment and measurement data
analysis term etc.
• If there are uncommon acronyms, include

them; spell them out and give the meaning
• Definitions should be short, clear and
unambiguous
Let’s Try
• Gender
• Spiral Curriculum
• Constructivist Approach
• Discovery Learning theory
• Opinion Poll or Census
• Math Teacher
• Implement
Let’s Try
Effects of Audio-Visual Materials Used in

Online Distance Learning to the Problem
Solving Skills in Mathematics of Grade 4
Learners
Let’s Try
Effects of Audio-Visual Materials Used in

Online Distance Learning to the Problem
Solving Skills in Mathematics of Grade 4
Learners
Writing Theoretical
Framework
Theoretical Framework
Theory Framework
• A concept formulated • Skeleton, a basic
to explain, predict structure or frame of
and understand a reference designed
phenomena to support something
Theoretical Framework
Framework
• Skeleton, a basic
structure or frame of
reference designed
to support something
HOW TO WRITE THEORITICAL
FRAMEWORK
3 Easy steps!
1. Examine the research problem and consider the key
variables in your research
2. Review your related literature and choose the theory
applicable to your study
3. Discuss the theory and its relation to your present
study.
Include these in your paragraph:
Title of theory
Author/proponent
Theoretical principle
Relationship/relevance to present study
HOW TO WRITE THEORITICAL
FRAMEWORK
Prompts:
The study is anchored on . . .
This study is supported by the theory of . . .
This study is founded on the theory of . . .
The theoretical underpinning of this study is . . .

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Questions of value answerable by YES or

1. What is the profile of the students in terms of:

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

You may begin with:

You may begin with:

Definitions of terms is important because the

• Only words or phrases that have special

• If there are uncommon acronyms, include

Effects of Audio-Visual Materials Used in

Effects of Audio-Visual Materials Used in

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