JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF BIO MEDICAL ENGINEERING

PEER GROUP 3
CONTROL SYSTEM SEMINAR
ON
ANGULAR VELOCITY SENSORS
OPTICAL TACHOMETER
• The optical tachometer, a simple device, can determine a shaft speed
in terms of revolutions per minute (rpm).It is a handled,portable device
used to measure the rotational speed of various objects using non
contact method by converting rotational motion to electrical pulses that
can be accurately measured.

• It can estimate the rate of blood flow from the speed at which the
turbine spins. The readings can be used to diagnose circulatory
problems like clogged arteries.
WORKING PRINCIPLES
• Optical/Photo Tachometers operate by shining a light source, typically
a LED light or Class 2 laser beam, against the rotating element. This
light source creates a focused beam of light which will be reflected
back off of a reflective object that is placed in its path.

• The optical sensor of the tachometer will be triggered as the light is

reflected back towards the tachometer. By measuring the rate that the
sensor receives the signal, a measurement of the rotational speed can
be determined.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

• Do not need to touch the • Ambient light can interfere

rotating object, they will not with their operation
induce a load on the shaft.
• The long-term stability is
• Are also highly accurate limited due to indicator
leaching or photobleaching
• It can measure the rotation of
objects over 10 feet away and
can be used in hard to reach • size and cost of the heat
locations where the rotating
storage
shaft is difficult to get to.
DIAGRAM
Toothed-rotor tachometer
• A Toothed-rotor tachometer consists of a stationary sensor and a
rotating, toothed,iron-based wheel.The toothed wheel can be built into
the part to be measured the sensor generates a pulse each time a
tooth passes by and the angular velocity of the wheel is proportional to
the frequency of the pulses.

• A Toothed-rotor tachometer is use turbines, hyraulic works, and as the

optical tachometer they are used for determining blood flow rates in the
patients. there are two types of this tachometer,
TYPES OF TOOTHED-ROTOR TACHOMETER
A. Variable reluctance tachometer is used to measure angular velocity
of rotating shaft, a magnet pick up is placed near the toothed rotor. it
consists of metallic toothed rotor mounted on the shaft whose speed is to
be measured.

B. Hall effect tachometer is using the principle of hall effect in which it is

the relationship between electric and magnetic fields through
asemiconductor that allows electricity to flow when magnetic field is
applied in the vicinity of the sensor. its example is (A3144).
WORKING PRINCIPLES
• A magnetic pick up is placed near the thoothed rotor. The magnetic
pickup consisting of a housing containing a small permanent magnet
with a coil round it. when the rotor rotates, the reluctant e of the air-gap
between pick up and the toothed rotor changes giving rise to an
indicted e.m.f in the pickup coil.

• The otput is in form of pulses, the frequency of the pulses of induced

voltage will depend upon the number of teeth of the rotor ad its speed
of rotation in which it is measured with a electronic counter. if the
counter counts pulse in one second, the counter will directly display the
speed in rpm.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
• It is simple and rugged in • Decreasing in signal strength as
construction. wheel rotation slows and
approaches to lock up.
• It is maintenance free and easy
to calibrate • High torque ripple exists
resulting in noise when operated
• The information from this device at low speed.
can be easily transmitted
DIAGRAM
Direct Current Tachometers
• is essentially a DC generator that produces a DC output voltage
proportional to shaft velocity. The output polarity is determined by the
direction of rotation.

• Typically, these units have stationary permanent magnets and the

rotating part consists of coils.

• As being a type of tachometer it is useful in mesuring te speeds of

electric motors,engine, and the equipment they power , also in medical
used in measuring blood flow rates of patients.
WORKING PRINCIPLES
• The DC Tachometer works on the principle that when the closed
conductor moves in a magnetic field, EMF induces in the conductor.
The induces EMF depends on the flux link with the conductor and
speed of the shaft.

• The comutator converts the ac of the armature coil to dc with the help
of brushes. the moving cil voltmeter measusthe induced emf and
polarityof it determines the direction of motion of the shaft.

• If heavy current applied on armature the resistance cotrol it which is

connected in series with the voltmeter.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• The polarity of the induces • The commutator and brushes
voltages indicates the direction require the periodic
of rotation of the shaft. maintenance.

• The conventional DC type • The output resistance of the dc

voltmeter is used for measuring tachometer is kept high as
the induces voltage. compared to input resistance.

• Temperature compensation is • If high current induced in

easyily achieved and doesnot armature conductor, constant
have zero speed error. field of permanent magnet will be
distorted.
DIAGRAM
THANK YOU !!!!!!!!