Soliton

AL-NAHRAIN UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
SOLITON TRANSMISSION
By
MAIS NASSIER HUSSAIN
‫هـ‬1434 ‫م‬2011
1
Outlines
• Self phase modulation.
• Group velocity dispersion.
• Optical Solitons.
• Fundamental and Higher-Order Solitons.
• Loss-Managed Solitons.
• Dispersion-Managed Solitons..
• Information transmission.
• Soliton transmitter.
• Soliton based optical communication systems
2
Abbreviations
• SPM: self phase modulation
• GVD: group velocity dispersion
• NLS: nonlinear Schrödinger equation
• RF: radio frequency
• EDFA’s: erbium-doped fiber amplifiers
• DCF: dispersion compensation fiber.
3
Self phase modulation
• SPM arises because the refractive index of the

fiber has an intensity dependent component.
• Temporally varying index change results in a
temporally varying phase change.
• Nonlinear phase shift depends on input pulse
shape.
• SPM creates new frequencies and leads to
spectral broadening( frequency chirping).
4
Self phase modulation
5
Group velocity dispersion
• Group velocity of a signal is function of

wavelength
• Each spectral component can be assumed to
travel independently and to undergo a group
delay, which ultimately results in pulse
broadening.
• This GVD will cause pulse to overlap with
neighboring pulses, so error will occur at the
receiver.
• GVD limits information carrying capacity of
fibers.
6
Group velocity dispersion
7
Unchirped pulse
linear and nonlinear effects on Gaussian pulses 8

Optical Solitons:
• Combination of SPM and anomalous GVD
produces solitons.
• Solitons preserve their shape in spite of the
dispersive and nonlinear effects occurring inside
fibers.
• Able to collide with one another and emerge
unchanged (for lossless fiber).
• Useful for optical communications systems.
9
Types of soliton
• Bright solitons, also called pulse-like solitons

(β2> 0, anomalous dispersion).
• Dark solitons (β2 > 0 , normal dispersion ).
10
Fundamental and Higher-Order Solitons
• Soliton with initial amplitude at z=0 is given by:

u(0,τ) = N sech(τ )
• N, represents the soliton order.

• Fundamental (N = 1) solitons preserve its shape
during propagation in the fiber.
• Higher-order (N <1) solitons evolve in a periodic
fashion, it recovers its shape at mπ/2,m is an
integer[1].
11
Evolution of the first-order (left column) and third-order (right column) solitons over one
.soliton period. Top and bottom rows show the pulse shape and chirp profile, respectively
12
Loss-Managed
Solitons
•SPM effect is power dependent.
• As the pulse propagates through the fiber, it loses
power exponentially (due to fiber losses),
•This weakening the SPM effect.
•SPM effect becomes not strong enough to
counteract dispersion.
•broadening of the pulse occurs.
• This brings the need for techniques:
Lumped- and
Distributed amplification techniques.
13
Dispersion-Managed Solitons
•In a lossy fiber, decreasing the GVD

exponentially along the fiber counteracts the
reduced SPM.
•This is done by reducing the core diameter

along the fiber length.
14
Information transmission
• The pulse width must be a small fraction of the bit slot to

ensure well separated solitons.
• RZ format has to be used instead of NRZ format when

solitons are used as information bits [2].
.Soliton bit stream in RZ format 15

Soliton transmitter
• gain switching:
– A problem is that each pulse becomes chirped because
of the refractive-index changes governed by the line
width enhancement factor
– the pulse can be made nearly chirp-free by passing it
through an optical fiber with normal GVD(β2 > 0) such
that it compressed.
• Mode-locked semiconductor lasers :
– preferred because the pulse train is nearly chirp-free.
– Such a source produces soliton like pulses of widths
12–18 ps at a repetition rate as large as 40 Gb/s.
16
)Continued(
• The grating also offers a self-tuning mechanism that
allows mode-locking of the laser over a wide range of
modulation frequencies.
• synchronously diode-pumped tunable fiber Raman

source of sub Pico second solitons can also be used
which employs synchronous Raman amplification in
dispersion shifted fiber.
• However, with the femtosecond pulse duration regime,

the main higher order nonlinear contribution comes from
stimulated Raman scattering precludes the stable
propagation of sub-picoseconds' solitons along the fiber.
17
Soliton based optical communication
systems:
– huge information carrying capacity.

– used over distances of several thousands of
kilometers.
18
References
[1] R. Gangwar, S. P. Singh, and N. Singh “SOLITON BASED OPTICAL

COMMUNICATION,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 74, 157–166,
2007.
[2] GOVIND P. AGRAWAL, “Fiber-Optic Communication Systems," Third Edition.
[3] Hiroyuki Toda, Yoshihisa Inada, Yuji Kodama, and Akira Hasegawa, 24th European
Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC'98), MoC09, pp. 101-102, Madrid
(1998).
19

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AL-NAHRAIN UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ELECTRONICS AND

MAIS NASSIER HUSSAIN

• SPM arises because the refractive index of the

• Group velocity of a signal is function of

linear and nonlinear effects on Gaussian pulses 8

• Bright solitons, also called pulse-like solitons

• Dark solitons (β2 > 0 , normal dispersion ).

• Soliton with initial amplitude at z=0 is given by:

• N, represents the soliton order.

•In a lossy fiber, decreasing the GVD

•This is done by reducing the core diameter

• The pulse width must be a small fraction of the bit slot to

• RZ format has to be used instead of NRZ format when

.Soliton bit stream in RZ format 15

• synchronously diode-pumped tunable fiber Raman

• However, with the femtosecond pulse duration regime,

– huge information carrying capacity.

[1] R. Gangwar, S. P. Singh, and N. Singh “SOLITON BASED OPTICAL

[2] GOVIND P. AGRAWAL, “Fiber-Optic Communication Systems," Third Edition.

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