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    Chapter 8 Culverts&Low Level Water Crossings

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    Tajura Tamiraati
    This document discusses different types of low-level water crossings that can provide economical alternatives to bridges for low-traffic roads. It describes fords, vented causeways, and submersible bridges, noting that each is appropriate where detours exist and water depth is generally less than 15 cm. The document provides details on the construction, uses, and hydraulic design considerations of fords, bed-level causeways, and vented fords based on standards in the ERA Drainage Design Manual.

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    Chapter 8 Culverts&Low Level Water Crossings

    Uploaded by

    Tajura Tamiraati
    172 views9 pages
    This document discusses different types of low-level water crossings that can provide economical alternatives to bridges for low-traffic roads. It describes fords, vented causeways, and submersible bridges, noting that each is appropriate where detours exist and water depth is generally less than 15 cm. The document provides details on the construction, uses, and hydraulic design considerations of fords, bed-level causeways, and vented fords based on standards in the ERA Drainage Design Manual.

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    This document discusses different types of low-level water crossings that can provide economical alternatives to bridges for low-traffic roads. It describes fords, vented causeways, and submersible bridges, noting that each is appropriate where detours exist and water depth is generally less than 15 cm. The document provides details on the construction, uses, and hydraulic design considerations of fords, bed-level causeways, and vented fords based on standards in the ERA Drainage Design Manual.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    172 views9 pages

    Chapter 8 Culverts&Low Level Water Crossings

    Uploaded by

    Tajura Tamiraati
    This document discusses different types of low-level water crossings that can provide economical alternatives to bridges for low-traffic roads. It describes fords, vented causeways, and submersible bridges, noting that each is appropriate where detours exist and water depth is generally less than 15 cm. The document provides details on the construction, uses, and hydraulic design considerations of fords, bed-level causeways, and vented fords based on standards in the ERA Drainage Design Manual.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Culvert and Low Level Water Crossings

    • In favorable conditions, low level water


    crossings can provide economical and relatively
    simple alternatives to conventional bridges.
    There are three basic types of low level
    crossing:
     Fords (also called Irish crossings) and bed-level
    causeways, which are in essence reinforced roadways
    on the bottom of the stream.
     Vented causeways, where low flow is handled by
    openings under the roadway level
     Submersible bridges, which are temporarily, submersed
    low bridges.
    1
    • All types are appropriate for roads with low
    traffic volumes or where a reasonably short
    detour provides access to an all-weather
    bridge.
    • The crossing should be designed such that for
    most of the year the maximum depth of
    water over the crossing is less than 0.15 m.
    • The service life of the structure will depend
    considerably on its hydraulic design as
    outlined in the ERA Drainage Design
    Manual-2002, Chapter 8: Bridges.
    2
    3
    4
    • Fords and bed-level causeways, like
    conventional bridges, shall be constructed so
    that they cause little interference with the
    design flood.
    • Since all water flowing in the river channel
    overtops fords and bed-level causeways, there
    is no reason to raise the road surface more
    than 0.1 m above the streambed

    5
    • Fords (unpaved) are the simplest form of river crossing.
    They generally are placed where the stream is wide, shallow
    and slow, the approach gentle, and the surface firm.
    • Improvements to the approaches are usually confined to
    reducing the gradient.
    • The running surface in the stream can be strengthened and
    made more driveable by using stones imported and buried
    just below the surface.
    • A more durable improvement shall be made to the running
    surface by replacing the stones with gabions or
    renomattresses.
    • The gabions should not rise more than 0.10 m above the
    natural bed level of the river, otherwise they may cause
    heavy scour downstream of the crossing.
    6
    • Bed level causeways (paved) shall be used where the traffic
    composition or the lack of a nearby all-weather crossing
    justifies the expense; a pavement shall be laid on the
    riverbed. A bed-level causeway is also called a paved ford,
    drift, paved dip or Irish bridge.

    • Vented causeways and submersible bridges inevitably disrupt


    river flow, and so are liable to sustain damage or indirectly
    cause scour to the riverbed or banks, which in turn may
    affect the road approaches to the crossing. These bridge
    types usually present a dry roadway for ordinary flows and
    are designed to be overtopped at less than an annual flood,
    or near the design flood as determined using the ERA
    Drainage Design Manual-2002, Chapter 2: Standards and
    Departures from Standard, Section 2.1: Design Storm/Flood..
    7
    Vented Fords

    8
    • Low water bridges are the recommended
    choice where normal stream flows exceed the
    capacity of a vented ford or where the
    watershed has a high potential for debris that
    might clog the pipes of a vented ford.
    • A low water bridge is also an appropriate
    alternative where the ADT exceeds five vehicles
    per day or where the road is relatively
    important, regardless of stream size.

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