IUIC, Summer 2022

Globalization
 What Is Globalization?
 Globalization - the shift toward a more
integrated and interdependent world
economy
 The world is moving away from self-
contained national economies toward an
interdependent, integrated global
economic system

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 What Is The
Globalization of Markets?
 Historically distinct and separate national
markets are merging
 It no longer makes sense to talk about the
“German market” or the “American market”
 Instead, there is the “global market”
 falling trade barriers make it easier to sell globally
 consumers’ tastes and preferences are converging on
some global norm
 firms promote the trend by offering the same basic
products worldwide

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 What Is The
Globalization of Markets?
 Firms of all sizes benefit and contribute to
the globalization of markets
 97% of all U.S. exporters have less than 500
employees
 98% of all small and mid-sized German
companies participate in international markets

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 What Is The
Globalization of Production?
 Firms source goods and services from
locations around the globe to capitalize on
national differences in the cost and quality
of factors of production like land, labor,
energy, and capital
 Companies can
 lower their overall cost structure
 improve the quality or functionality of their
product offering

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 Why Do We Need
Global Institutions?
 Global institutions
 help manage, regulate, and police the global
marketplace
 promote the establishment of multinational
treaties to govern the global business system

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 Why Do We Need
Global Institutions?
 Examples include
 the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT)
 the World Trade Organization (WTO)
 the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
 the World Bank
 the United Nations (UN)
 the G20

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 What Do Global
Institutions Do?
 The World Trade Organization (like its
predecessor GATT)
 polices the world trading system
 makes sure that nation-states adhere to the
rules laid down in trade treaties
 promotes lower barriers to trade and
investment
 159 members in 2013

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 What Do Global
Institutions Do?
 The International Monetary Fund (1944)
 maintains order in the international monetary
system
 lender of last resort for countries in crisis
 Argentina, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, South
Korea, Thailand, Turkey, Ireland, and Greece
 The World Bank (1944)
 promotes economic development via low
interest loans for infrastructure projects

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 What Do Global
Institutions Do?
 The United Nations (1945)
 maintains international peace and security
 develops friendly relations among nations
 cooperates in solving international problems
and in promoting respect for human rights
 is a center for harmonizing the actions of
nations
 The G20
 forum through which major nations tried to
launch a coordinated policy response to the
2008-2009 global financial crisis

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 What Is Driving
Globalization?
 Declining barriers to the free flow of goods,
services, and capital
 average tariffs are now at just 4%
 more favorable environment for FDI
 global stock of FDI was $20.4 trillion in 2011
 facilitates global production
 Technological change
 microprocessors and telecommunications
 Internet: information backbone of the global economy
 transportation technology

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 What Does Globalization
Mean For Firms?
 Lower barriers to trade and investment
mean firms can
 view the world, rather than a single country,
as their market
 base production in the optimal location for that
activity
 But, firms may also find their home
markets under attack by foreign firms

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 Declining Trade And
Investment Barriers
Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products as Percent of Value

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 What Does Globalization
Mean For Firms?
 Technological change means
 lower transportation costs
 help create global markets and allow firms to
disperse production to economical, geographically
separate locations
 low cost information processing and communication
 firms can create and manage globally dispersed
production
 low cost global communications networks
 help create an electronic global marketplace
 global communication networks and global media
 create a worldwide culture and a global consumer
product market

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The Changing Demographics

Of The Global Economy

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1.How Has World Output And

World Trade Changed?

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How Has World Output And
World Trade Changed?
The Changing Demographics of World Output and Trade

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 2.How Has Foreign Direct
Investment Changed Over Time?
 In the 1960s, U.S. firms accounted for
about two-thirds of worldwide FDI flows
 Today, the United States accounts for less
than one-fifth of worldwide FDI flows
 Other developed countries have followed a
similar pattern
 In contrast, the share of FDI accounted for
by developing countries has risen
 Developing countries, especially China, have
also become popular destinations for FDI

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 How Has Foreign Direct
Investment Changed Over Time?
Percentage Share of Total FDI Stock 1980-2011

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 How Has Foreign Direct
Investment Changed Over Time?
FDI Inflows 1988-2011

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 3. What Is A
Multinational Enterprise?
 Multinational enterprise (MNE) - any
business that has productive activities in
two or more countries
 Since the 1960s
 the number of non-U.S. multinationals has
risen
 the number of mini-multinationals has risen

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 How an Enterprise becomes
MNE?
Generally, a domestic company enters emerge as an
international company through the following stages:
1.No Direct Foreign Marketing:
A company in this stage does not actively
cultivate customers outside national boundaries.
Sales may be made to trading companies as
well as foreign customers who come directly to
the firm or products may reach foreign markets
via domestic wholesalers or distributors who sell
aboard without even knowledge of the producer.
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 How an Enterprise becomes
MNE?
2. Infrequent Foreign Marketing:
Temporary surpluses caused by variations in
production levels or demand may result in
infrequent marketing overseas. The surpluses
are characterized by their temporary nature;
therefore, sales to foreign markets are made
as goods are available, with little or no
intention of maintaining continuous market
representation.
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 How an Enterprise becomes
MNE?
3. Regular Foreign Marketing:
At this level, the firm has permanent
productive capacity devoted to the production
of goods to be marketed in foreign markets. A
firm may employ foreign or domestic overseas
middlemen to it may have its own sales force
or sales subsidiaries in important foreign
markets. The primary focus of operations and
production is to service domestic market
needs.
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 How an Enterprise becomes
MNE?
4. International Marketing:
Companies in this stage are fully committed
and involved in international marketing
activities. Such companies seek markets all
over the world and sell products that are a
result of planned production for markets in
various countries. At this point, a company
becomes an international or multinational
marketing firm.
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 How an Enterprise becomes
MNE?
5. Global Marketing:
At this stage, companies treat the world,
including their home market, as one market.
Market segmentation decisions are no longer
focused on national borders. Instead, market
segments are defined by income levels,
usage patterns, or other factors that often
span countries and regions. At this stage, a
company crosses the threshold of more than
half its sales revenues coming from aboard.
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4. The Changing World Order
 Many former Communist nations in Europe and
Asia are now committed to democratic politics
and free market economies
 creates new opportunities for international businesses
 but, there are signs of growing unrest and totalitarian
tendencies in some countries
 China and Latin America are also moving toward
greater free market reforms
 between 1983 and 2010, FDI in China increased from
less than $2 billion to $100 billion annually
 but, China also has many new strong companies that
could threaten Western firms

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 How Will The Global Economy
Of The 21st Century Look?
 The world is moving toward a more global
economic system…
 But globalization is not inevitable
 there are signs of a retreat from liberal economic
ideology in Russia
 Globalization brings risks
 the financial crisis that swept through South East Asia
in the late 1990s
 the recent financial crisis that started in the U.S. in
2008-2009, and moved around the world

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Is An Interdependent Global
Economy A Good Thing?
 Supporters believe that increased trade and
cross-border investment mean
 lower prices for goods and services
 greater economic growth
 higher consumer income, and more jobs
 Critics worry that globalization will cause
 job losses
 environmental degradation
 the cultural imperialism of global media and MNEs
 Anti-globalization protesters now regularly show
up at most major meetings of global institutions

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 How Does Globalization
Affect Jobs And Income?
 Critics argue that falling barriers to trade
are destroying manufacturing jobs in
advanced countries
 Supporters contend that the benefits of
this trend outweigh the costs
 countries will specialize in what they do most
efficiently and trade for other goods—and all
countries will benefit

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 How Does Globalization Affect Labor
Policies And The Environment?
 Critics argue that firms avoid the cost of
adhering to labor and environmental regulations
by moving production to countries where such
regulations do not exist, or are not enforced
 Supporters claim that tougher environmental and
labor standards are associated with economic
progress
 as countries get richer from free trade, they
implement tougher environmental and labor
regulations

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 How Does Globalization
Affect National Sovereignty?
 Is today’s global economy shifting economic power away
from national governments toward supranational
organizations like the WTO, the EU, and the UN?
 Critics argue that unelected bureaucrats have the power
to impose policies on the democratically elected
governments of nation-states
 Supporters claim that the power of these organizations is
limited to what nation-states agree to grant
 the power of the organizations lies in their ability to
get countries to agree to follow certain actions

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 How Is Globalization
Affecting The World’s Poor?
 Is the gap between rich nations and poor nations
getting wider?
 Critics believe that if globalization was beneficial
there should not be a divergence between rich
and poor nations
 Supporters claim that the best way for the poor
nations to improve their situation is to
 reduce barriers to trade and investment
 implement economic policies based on free market
economies
 receive debt forgiveness for debts incurred under
totalitarian regimes

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 How Does The Global
Marketplace Affect Managers?
 Managing an international business differs from
managing a domestic business because
 countries are different
 the range of problems confronted in an international
business is wider and the problems more complex
than those in a domestic business
 firms have to find ways to work within the limits
imposed by government intervention in the
international trade and investment system
 international transactions involve converting money
into different currencies

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