Basic SQL

First Semester 2021-2022

College of Information Technology
 Retrieval Queries in SQL
 SQL has one basic statement for retrieving information from a
database; the SELECT statement.
 Basic form of the SQL SELECT statement is a`:
SELECT-FROM-WHERE block

SELECT <attribute list>

FROM <table list>
WHERE <condition>

– <attribute list> is a list of attribute names whose values are to be

retrieved by the query
– <table list> is a list of the relation names required to process the
query
– <condition> is a conditional (Boolean) expression that identifies
the tuples to be retrieved by the query

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Database state for Company database

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Database state for Company database

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Database state for company database

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 Simple SQL Queries
 All subsequent examples use the COMPANY database
 Example of a simple query on one relation
 Query 1:
Retrieve the birthdate and address of the employee whose name is
'John B. Smith'.
SELECT BDATE, ADDRESS
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE FNAME='John' AND MINIT='B’ AND
LNAME='Smith’;
Result

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 Simple SQL Queries
Example on retrieving data from two tables
 Query 2:
Retrieve the name and address of all employees who work for the
'Research' department.
SELECT FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS
FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT
WHERE DNUMBER=DNO AND DNAME='Research‘;
• (DNAME='Research') is a selection condition
• (DNUMBER=DNO) is a join condition

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 Simple SQL Queries
Example on retrieving data from two tables
 Query 2:
DNUMBER=DNO will result in creating the following table:

Result

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 Simple SQL Queries
Example on retrieving data from three tables
 Query 3:
For every project located in 'Stafford', list the project number, the
controlling department number, and the department manager's last name,
address, and birthdate.
SELECT PNUMBER, DNUM, LNAME, BDATE, ADDRESS
FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE DNUM=DNUMBER AND MGRSSN=SSN AND
PLOCATION='Stafford';
In Q2, there are two join conditions:
– The join condition DNUM=DNUMBER relates a project to its controlling
department
– The join condition MGRSSN=SSN relates the controlling department to the
employee who manages that department
Result

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 Aliases
Aliases
 In SQL, we can use the same name for two (or more) attributes as
long as the attributes are in different relations.
 A query that refers to two or more attributes with the same name
must qualify the attribute name with the relation name by prefixing
the relation name to the attribute name
 To avoiding writing the full relation name, we can use aliases.

Query 4:
Write SQL query that list the name of each department and its location.
Select Dname, Dlocation
From Department D, Dept_Location L
Where D.Dnumber = L.Dnumber;
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 Unspecified WHERE clause
Unspecified WHERE clause
 A missing WHERE-clause indicates no condition; hence, all tuples
of the relations in the FROM-clause are selected Result
 Query 5:
Retrieve the SSN values for all employees.
SELECT SSN
FROM EMPLOYEE;

 If more than one relation is specified in the

FROM-clause and there is no join condition,
then the CARTESIAN PRODUCT of tuples is
selected
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 UNSPECIFIED WHERE-clause
Result
 Query 6:
Retrieve the SSN and DNAME values for all employees.
SELECT SSN, DNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT;
 It is extremely important not to overlook any
selection and join conditions in the WHERE-clause;
 otherwise, incorrect
and very large
relations may result

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 UNSPECIFIED WHERE-clause
 Example:
Query 7:
Retrieve the SSN and DNAME values for all
employees.
Result
Q7: [Correct Solution]
SELECT SSN, DNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT;
WHERE DNO = DNUMBER

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 USE OF *
USE OF *
 To retrieve all the attribute values of the selected tuples, a * is used,
which stands for all the attributes’ values
 Query 8:
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE DNO=5;

Result

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 USE of *
 Query 9:
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT
WHERE DNAME='Research' AND DNO=DNUMBER;

Result

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 USE OF DISTINCT
USE OF DISTINCT
 SQL does not treat a relation as a set; duplicate tuples can appear
 To eliminate duplicate tuples in a query result, the keyword DISTINCT is
used
 For example, the result of Q10 may have duplicate SALARY values
whereas Q10A does not have any duplicate values
Result Q11 Result Q10A
Q10: SELECT SALARY
FROM EMPLOYEE;

Q10A: SELECT DISTINCT SALARY

FROM EMPLOYEE;

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 Using a Relation Twice
Using a Relation Twice
 Some queries need to refer to the same relation twice, in this case, aliases
are used.
Query 11:
For each employee, retrieve the employee's name, and the name of his or
her immediate supervisor.
SELECT E.FNAME , E.LNAME, S.FNAME, S.LNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE E, EMPLOYEE S
WHERE E.SUPER_SSN = S.SSN;

– In the above query, the alternate relation names E and S are called
aliases or tuple variables for the EMPLOYEE relation
– We can think of E and S as two different copies of EMPLOYEE; E
represents employees in role of employees (supervisees) and S
represents employees in role of supervisors

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 Aliases

Result

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 Exercises
Exercise 1:
Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose
last name is 'Smith' as a worker.

Solution:?
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 Exercises
Exercise 1:
Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose
last name is 'Smith' as a worker.
Solution
SELECT Distinct PNO
FROM WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE ESSN=SSN AND LNAME='Smith';

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 Exercises
Exercise 2:
Make a list of all project names for projects that involve an employee whose
last name is 'Smith' as a worker.
Solution:?

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 Exercises
Exercise 2:
Make a list of all project names for projects that involve an employee whose
last name is 'Smith' as a worker.
Solution
SELECT Distinct Pname
FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE Pnumber = Pno AND ESSN = SSN AND LNAME = 'Smith';

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 Exercises
Exercise 3:
Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last
name is 'Smith' as a manager of the department that controls the project.
Solution?

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 Exercises
Exercise 3:
Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last
name is ‘Wong' as a manager of the department that controls the project.
Solution:
SELECT Distinct Pnumber
FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE DNUM = DNUMBER AND MGR_SSN=SSN
AND LNAME=‘Smith';

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 SET OPERATIONS
 SQL support three set operations:

• Set union: UNION

• Set intersection: INTERSECT, and

• set difference: MINUS (EXCEPT)

 The resulting relations of these set operations are sets of tuples; duplicate
tuples are eliminated from the result.
 The set operations apply only to union compatible relations ; i.e. the two
relations:
• must have the same selected attributes, and
• the attributes must appear in the same order

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 SET OPERATIONS: UNION
Query 12:
 Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an
employee whose last name is 'Smith' as a worker or his last name
‘Smith’ as a manager of the department that controls the project.

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 SET OPERATIONS: UNION
Query 13:
 Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last
name is 'Smith' as a worker or his last name Wallace as a manager of the
department that controls the project.

(SELECT DISTINCT PNO

FROM WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE ESSN=SSN AND LNAME='Smith')
UNION
(SELECT DISTINCT PNUMBER
FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT,
EMPLOYEE
WHERE DNUM=DNUMBER AND
MGR_SSN=SSN AND LNAME='Smith');

Result PNUMBER
-----------------
1
2 Slide #-27
 SET OPERATIONS: INTERSECT
Query 14:
 Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last
name is 'Smith' and an employee whose last name is ‘Wong’ as workers.

(SELECT DISTINCT PNO

FROM WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE ESSN=SSN AND LNAME='Smith')

INTERSECT

(SELECT DISTINCT PNO

FROM WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE ESSN=SSN AND LNAME=‘Wong');

Result PNUMBER
-----------------
2
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 SET OPERATIONS: MINUS
Query 15:
 Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last
name is 'Smith' but not an employee whose last name is ‘Wong’ as workers.

(SELECT DISTINCT PNO

FROM WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE ESSN=SSN AND LNAME='Smith')
MINUS
(SELECT DISTINCT PNO
FROM WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE ESSN=SSN AND LNAME='Wong');

Result PNUMBER
-----------------
1
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 Substring Pattern Matching
 The LIKE comparison operator is used to compare partial strings.

 Two reserved characters are used:

 '%' which replaces an arbitrary number of characters, and
 '_' replaces a single arbitrary character

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 Substring Pattern Matching
Query 16:
 Retrieve all employees whose address is in Houston.
 Here, the value of the ADDRESS attribute must contain the substring
'Houston‘:
SELECT FNAME, LNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ADDRESS LIKE '%Houston%’;

Result FNAME LNAME

John Smith
Franklin Wong
Joyce English
Ahmed Jabbar
James Borg

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 Substring Pattern Matching
 We can use NOT with LIKE as in the following example:
Query 17:
 Retrieve all employees whose address is not in Houston.
 Here, the value of the ADDRESS attribute must not contain the substring
'Houston':

SELECT FNAME, LNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ADDRESS NOT LIKE '%Houston%’;
Result
FNAME LNAME
--------------- ---------------
Alicia Zelaya
Ramesh Narayan Slide #-32
 Substring Pattern Matching
Query 18:
 Retrieve all employees who were born during the 1950s.
 Here, '5' must be the third character of the string (according to our
format for date),
 so the BDATE value is '_ _ 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ', with each underscore
as a place holder for a single arbitrary character.

SELECT FNAME, LNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE BDATE LIKE '_ _ 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ';

Result FNAME LNAME

Franklin Wong

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 Substring Pattern Matching
The IN Condition Operators:
 The IN condition operator is used for comparison with a set of values
as described in the following example.
 Query 19
List the last name of all employees who work on project 2, 10, or 30.
SELECT DISTINCT LNAME Result
FROM EMPLOYEE, WORKS_ON LNAME
WHERE Ssn = Essn AND Pno IN (2, 10, 30);
------------
Wong
Zelaya
English
Jabbar
Smith
Wallace
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 The IN Condition
The IN Condition Operator:
 The SQL IN condition (also called the IN operator) allows us to easily
test if an expression matches any value in a list of values.
 It is used to help reduce the need for multiple OR conditions
 Query 20: Result
List the last name of all employees who work on LNAME

project ProductX or Computerization. ------------

Wong
SELECT DISTINCT LNAME Zelaya
English
FROM EMPLOYEE, WORKS_ON, Project Jabbar
WHERE Ssn = Essn AND Pno = Pnumber Smith
AND Pname IN ('ProductX','Computerization’);

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 Arithmetic Operators
 The standard arithmetic operators '+', '-‘, '*', and '/' (for addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division, respectively) can be applied
to numeric values in an SQL query result
Query 21:
 List first name and last name of employees who work on project
‘ProductX’ with salary increased by 10%.

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 Arithmetic Operators
Query 21 - Solution:
 List first name and last name of employees who work on project ‘ProductX’
with salary increased by 10%.
SELECT FNAME, LNAME, 1.1*SALARY
FROM EMPLOYEE, WORKS_ON, PROJECT
WHERE SSN=ESSN AND PNO=PNUMBER
AND PNAME='ProductX’;

Result
FNAME LNAME 1.1*SALARY
John Smith
Joyce English 27500

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 BETWEEN OPEARTOR
 Another useful comparison operator is the BETWEEN operator.
 The use of this operator is explained with the following example:
Query 22:
 Retrieve all employees data in department 5 whose salary is between
30,000 and 40,000.
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE (SALARY BETWEEN 30000 AND 40000)
AND DNO = 5;

Result

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 ORDER BY
 The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the tuples in a query result based on
the values of some attribute(s).
Query 23:
Retrieve a list of all department names, last and first names of employees
working in each department, and the name of the projects these employees are
working on. ordered by the employee's department name, and within each
department ordered alphabetically by employee’s last name.
SELECT DNAME, LNAME, FNAME, PNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT, WORKS_ON, PROJECT
WHERE DNO=DNUMBER AND SSN=ESSN
AND PNO=PNUMBER
ORDER BY DNAME, LNAME;

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 ORDER BY
Result
DNAME LNAME FNAME PNAME
-------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
Administration Jabbar Ahmed Computerization
Administration Jabbar Ahmed Newbenefits
Administration Wallace Jennifer Newbenefits
Administration Wallace Jennifer Reorganization
Administration Zelaya Alicia Newbenefits
Administration Zelaya Alicia Computerization
Headquarters Borg James Reorganization
Research English Joyce ProductX
Research English Joyce ProductY
Research Narayan Ramesh ProductZ
Research Smith John ProductX
Research Smith John ProductY
Research Wong Franklin ProductY
Research Wong Franklin ProductZ
Research Wong Franklin Computerization
Research Wong Franklin Reorganization
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 ORDER BY
 The default order is in ascending order of values

 We can specify the keyword DESC if we want a descending order;

 the keyword ASC can be used to explicitly specify ascending order,
even though it is the default.

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 NULLS IN SQL QUERIES
 SQL allows queries that check if a value is NULL (missing or
undefined or not applicable)
 SQL uses IS or IS NOT to compare NULLs.
 Query 24: Retrieve the names of all employees who do not have
supervisors.
SELECT FNAME, LNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE SUPER_SSN IS NULL;
Note: If a join condition is specified, tuples with NULL values for the
join attributes are not included in the result.
FNAME LNAME
Result ---------- ----------
James Borg Slide #-42