DB Lec 5

ADVANCED SQL
DR.AHMED ELASHRY
COMPLEX SQL RETRIEVAL QUERIES
COMPARISONS INVOLVING NULL AND THREE-VALUED
LOGIC
LOGIC
 SQL allows queries that check whether an attribute value is NULL.

 Rather than using = or <> to compare an attribute value to NULL, SQL
uses the comparison operators IS or IS NOT.
 This is because SQL considers each NULL value as being distinct from
every other NULL value
LOGIC
 Q1: Retrieve the names of all employees who do not have supervisors.
Q1: SELECT Fname, Lname
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Super_ssn IS NULL;
NESTED QUERIES, TUPLES, AND SET/MULTISET COMPARISONS
 Nested Queries : are complete select-from-where blocks within another

SQL query.
 That other query is called the outer query.
 These nested queries can appear in the WHERE clause or the FROM
clause or the SELECT clause or other SQL clauses as needed
 The comparison operator IN usually used within nested queries.
 Q 2A: SELECT DISTINCT Pnumber

FROM PROJECT WHERE Pnumber IN ( SELECT Pnumber
FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE Dnum = Dnumber AND Mgr_ssn = Ssn AND
Lname = ‘Smith’ )
OR Pnumber IN ( SELECT Pno FROM WORKS_ON,
EMPLOYEE WHERE Essn = Ssn AND Lname
= ‘Smith’ );
 SQL allows the use of tuples of values in comparisons by placing them

within parentheses.
SELECT DISTINCT Essn FROM WORKS_ON
WHERE (Pno, Hours) IN ( SELECT Pno, Hours
FROM WORKS_ON WHERE Essn = ‘123456789’ );
 a number of other comparison operators can be used to compare a single

value v (typically an attribute name) to a set or multiset v
 The = ANY (or = SOME) operator returns TRUE if the value v is equal to
some value in the set V and is hence equivalent to IN.
 Other operators that can be combined with ANY (or SOME) include >,
>=, <, <=, and <>.
 The keyword ALL can also be combined with each of these operators.
SELECT Lname, Fname FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Salary > ALL ( SELECT Salary
FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE Dno = 5 );
 Query 3. Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent with the same first
name and is the same sex as the employee.
 Q3: SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname
FROM EMPLOYEE AS E
WHERE E.Ssn IN ( SELECT D.Essn
FROM DEPENDENT AS D
WHERE E.Fname = D.Dependent_name
AND E.Sex = D.Sex );
CORRELATED NESTED QUERIES
 Whenever a condition in the WHERE clause of a nested query references

some attribute of a relation declared in the outer query, the two queries
are said to be correlated.
THE EXISTS AND UNIQUE FUNCTIONS IN SQL
 EXISTS and UNIQUE are Boolean functions that return TRUE or

FALSE; hence, they can be used in a WHERE clause condition.
 The EXISTS function in SQL is used to check whether the result of a
nested query is empty (contains no tuples) or not.
 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS are typically used in conjunction with a
correlated nested query.
 Q3B: SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname FROM EMPLOYEE AS E

WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM DEPENDENT AS D
WHERE E.Ssn = D.Essn AND E.Sex = D.Sex
AND E.Fname = D.Dependent_name);
 Q4: SELECT Fname, Lname FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM DEPENDENT
WHERE Ssn = Essn );
 Q5: SELECT Fname, Lname FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM DEPENDENT
WHERE Ssn = Essn )
AND
EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM
DEPARTMENT
WHERE Ssn =
Mgr_ssn );
 Q6A. This is an example of certain types of queries that require universal

quantification, One way to write this query is to use the construct (S2
EXCEPT S1) as explained next, and checking whether the result is empty.
This option is shown as Q6A.
 Q6A: SELECT Fname, Lname FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE NOT
EXISTS ( ( SELECT Pnumber FROM PROJECT WHERE Dnum = 5)
EXCEPT ( SELECT Pno FROM WORKS_ON WHERE Ssn = Essn) );
 Q6B: SELECT Lname, Fname FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM
WORKS_ON B WHERE ( B.Pno IN ( SELECT
Pnumber FROM PROJECT WHERE Dnum
= 5 ) AND NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM
WORKS_ON C WHERE C.Essn = Ssn AND C.Pno = B.Pno )));
GROUPING: THE GROUP BY AND HAVING CLAUSES
 In these cases we need to partition the relation into nonoverlapping

subsets (or groups) of tuples.
 Each group (partition) will consist of the tuples that have the same value
of some attribute(s), called the grouping attribute(s).
 . HAVING provides a condition on the summary information regarding
the group of tuples associated with each value of the grouping attributes.
 Query 14. For each department, retrieve the department number, the
number of employees in the department, and their average salary.
 Q14: SELECT Dno, COUNT (*), AVG (Salary)
FROM EMPLOYEE GROUP BY Dno;
 Query 15. For each project, retrieve the project number, the project name,
and the number of employees who work on that project..
 Q15: SELECT Pnumber, Pname, COUNT (*)
FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON
WHERE Pnumber = Pno GROUP BY Pnumber,
Pname;
 Query 16. For each project on which more than two employees work,
retrieve the project number, the project name, and the number of
employees who work on the project...
FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON WHERE Pnumber =
Pno GROUP BY Pnumber, Pname HAVING
COUNT (*) > 2;
 Query 17. For each project, retrieve the project number, the project name,
and the number of employees from department 5 who work on the
project.
FROM PROJECT, WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE
WHERE Pnumber = Pno AND Ssn = Essn AND Dno
= 5 GROUP BY Pnumber, Pname;
 Query 18. For each department that has more than five employees,
retrieve the department number and the number of its employees who are
making more than $40,000.
 Q18: SELECT Dno, COUNT (*) FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Salary>40000 AND Dno IN
( SELECT Dno FROM
EMPLOYEE GROUP BY Dno
HAVING COUNT (*) > 5) GROUP BY Dno;
OTHER SQL CONSTRUCTS: WITH AND CASE
 The WITH clause allows a user to define a table that will only be used in
a particular query;
 it is somewhat similar to creating a view that will be used only in one
query and then dropped
 Q5.18′: WITH BIGDEPTS (Dno) AS ( SELECT Dno FROM
EMPLOYEE GROUP BY Dno HAVING COUNT (*) > 5)
SELECT Dno, COUNT (*) FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE Salary>40000
AND Dno IN BIGDEPTS GROUP BY Dno;
OTHER SQL CONSTRUCTS: WITH AND CASE
 SQL also has a CASE construct, which can be used when a value can be
different based on certain conditions
 UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET Salary =
CASE WHEN Dno = 5 THEN Salary + 2000
WHEN Dno = 4 THEN Salary + 1500
WHEN Dno = 1 THEN Salary + 3000
ELSE Salary + 0;
RECURSIVE QUERIES IN SQL
 An example of a recursive relationship between tuples of the same type is

the relationship between an employee and a supervisor
RECURSIVE QUERIES IN SQL
 An example of a recursive operation is to retrieve all supervisees of a supervisory

employee e at all levels—that is, all employees e′ directly supervised by e, all employees
e′ directly supervised by each employee e′, all employees e″′ directly supervised by each
employee e″, and so on.
 Q19: WITH RECURSIVE SUP_EMP (SupSsn, EmpSsn) AS
( SELECT SupervisorSsn, Ssn FROM EMPLOYEE
UNION
SELECT E.Ssn, S.SupSsn FROM EMPLOYEE AS E, SUP_EMP AS S
WHERE E.SupervisorSsn = S.EmpSsn)
SELECT* FROM SUP_EMP;
SPECIFYING GENERAL CONSTRAINTS AS ASSERTIONS IN SQL
 In SQL, users can specify general constraints via declarative assertions,

using the CREATE ASSERTION statement.
 Each assertion is given a constraint name and is specified via a condition
similar to the WHERE clause of an SQL query.
SPECIFYING GENERAL CONSTRAINTS AS ASSERTIONS IN SQL
 For example, to specify the constraint that the salary of an employee must
not be greater than the salary of the manager of the department that the
employee works for in SQL, we can write the following assertion:
 CREATE ASSERTION SALARY_CONSTRAINT
CHECK ( NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE E,
EMPLOYEE M, DEPARTMENT D WHERE E.Salary>M.Salary AND
E.Dno = D.Dnumber AND D.Mgr_ssn = M.Ssn ) );
THANK YOU
SOMEONE@EXAMPLE.COM

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ADVANCED SQL

 SQL allows queries that check whether an attribute value is NULL.

 Nested Queries : are complete select-from-where blocks within another

 Q 2A: SELECT DISTINCT Pnumber

 SQL allows the use of tuples of values in comparisons by placing them

 a number of other comparison operators can be used to compare a single

 Whenever a condition in the WHERE clause of a nested query references

 EXISTS and UNIQUE are Boolean functions that return TRUE or

 Q3B: SELECT E.Fname, E.Lname FROM EMPLOYEE AS E

 Q5: SELECT Fname, Lname FROM EMPLOYEE

 Q6A. This is an example of certain types of queries that require universal

 Q6B: SELECT Lname, Fname FROM EMPLOYEE

 In these cases we need to partition the relation into nonoverlapping

 An example of a recursive relationship between tuples of the same type is

 An example of a recursive operation is to retrieve all supervisees of a supervisory

 In SQL, users can specify general constraints via declarative assertions,

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