Medical Terminology

BOOK: MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY AN
ILLUSTRATED GUIDE
( MT BOOK) CHAPTER 3

- BY FAREEHAY MEHDI SID: 40023998045

 DISEASE AND TREATMENT

BOOK: MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY AN
ILLUSTRATED GUIDE
( MT BOOK)
CHAPTER 3

- BY FAREEHAY MEHDI SID: 40023998045

 What is Disease and Treatment
DISEASE: A disease is any disorder of normal body function. It is a harmful deviation
from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with
certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury. A diseased
organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state.

TREATMENT: Medical treatment means the management and care of a patient to

combat disease or disorder. Medical treatment is the attempted remediation of a health
problem, usually following a medical diagnosis.

TYPES OF MEDICAL TREATMENT

• Curative – to cure a patient of an illness. 
• Palliative – to relieve symptoms from an illness. 
• Preventative – to avoid the onset of an illness.

DIAGNOSIS: Medical diagnosis, the determination of the nature and cause of an illness,
begins with a patient history.

Practitioners use the following techniques in performing physicals:

 Inspection: Visual examination
 Palpation: The practitioner touches the body surface with the hands or fingers.
 Percussion: Tapping the body to evaluate tissue according to the sounds produced
 Auscultation: Listening to body sounds with a stetho-scope.
 Major Categories of Diseases
A disease is any disorder of normal body function. Diseases can be grouped into a number of
different but often over-lapping categories.

■ Infectious diseases are caused by certain harmful micro-organisms and other parasites that
live at the expense of another organism. Any disease-causing agent is described as a pathogen.

■Degenerative diseases result from wear and tear, aging, or trauma (injury) that can lead to a
lesion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death of tissue). Common examples include arthritis,
cardiovascular problems, and certain respiratory disorders such as emphysema. Structural
malformations such as congenital malformations, pro-lapse (dropping), or hernia (rupture)
may also result in degenerative changes.

■ Neoplasia is the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue.

■ Immune disorders include failures of the immune system, allergies, and autoimmune
diseases, in which the body makes antibodies to its own tissues.
 Major Categories of Diseases
■Metabolic disorders result from lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular
functions. Many hered-itary disorders fall into this category. Malnutrition caused by
inadequate intake of nutrients or inability of the body to absorb and use nutrients also
upsets metab-olism.

■Hormonal disorders are caused by underproduction or overproduction of hormones or

by an inability of the hormones to function properly. One common example is diabetes
mellitus.

■Mental and emotional disorders affect the mind and adap-tation of an individual to his
or her environment.
Comparision & Types of Infectious Organisms &
Diseases Caused
Comparision & Types of Infectious Organisms &
Diseases Caused
 Common Responses to Disease

INFLAMMATION
A common response to infection and to other forms of disease is inflammation. When
cells are injured, they release chem-icals that allow blood cells and fluids to move into
the tissues.This inflow of blood results in the four signs of inflammation:

■ Heat (Calor)
■ Pain (Dolor)

■ Redness ( Rubor)

■ Swelling (Tumor)
 Common Responses to Disease
PHAGOCYTOSIS
The body uses phagocytosis to get rid of invading microor-ganisms, damaged cells and other
types of harmful debris. Certain white blood cells are capable of engulfing these materials and
destroying them internally .Phago-cytic cells are found circulating in the blood, in the tissues,
and in the lymphatic.
IMMUNITY
Immunity refers to all our defenses against infectious disease. Inflammation and phagocytosis
are examples of inborn or innate protective mechanisms, which are based on a person’s
genetic makeup and do not require any previous exposure to a disease organism. Other
defenses that fall into this category are mechanical barriers, such as intact skin and mucous
membranes, as well as body secretions, such as stomach acid and enzymes in saliva and tears.
 Common Responses to Disease
NEOPLASIA
As noted earlier, a neoplasm is an abnormal and uncon-trolled growth of tissue—a tumor or
growth. A benign neoplasm does not spread, that is, undergo metastasis to other tissues,
although it may cause damage at the site where it grows. An invasive neoplasm that can
metastasize to other tissues is termed malignant and is commonly called cancer. A malignant
tumor that involves epithelial tissue is a carcinoma. If the tumor arises in glandular
epithelium, it is an adenocarcinoma (the root aden/o means “gland”); a cancer of pigmented
epithelial cells (melanocytes) is a mel-anoma. A neoplasm that involves connective tissue or
mus-cle is a sarcoma. Cancers of the blood, lymphatic system, and nervous system are
classified according to the cell types involved and other clinical features.
 Methods used in Patient Examination
IMAGING TECHNIQUES
Imaging techniques employ various types of energy to produce visual images of the body. The
most fundamental imaging method is radiography, which uses x-rays to produce an image
(radiograph) on film or to produce a digital image that can be viewed on a monitor.
Radiography is the preferred method for imaging dense tissues, such as bone. Some soft-
tissue structures can be demonstrated as well, but a contrast medium, such as a barium
mixture, may be needed to enhance visualization.

PHYSCIAL ASSESSMENT
Inspection (looking at the body) Palpation (feeling the body with fingers or hands)
Auscultation (listening to sounds) Percussion (producing sounds, usually by tapping on
specific areas of the body).
Methods used in Patient Examination
Nine Imaging Techniques
Nine Imaging Techniques
 Forms of Treatment
TREATMENT
If diagnosis so indicates, treatment, also termed therapy, is begun. This may consist of
counseling, drugs, surgery, radi-ation, physical therapy, occupational therapy, psychiatric
treatment, or some combination of these. Palliative therapy is treatment that provides relief
but is not intended as a cure. Terminally ill patients, for example, may receive treatment that
eases pain and provides comfort but is not expected to change the outcome of the disease.
During diagnosis and throughout the course of treatment, a patient is evaluated to establish a
prognosis—that is, a prediction of the disease’s outcome.

SURGERY
Surgery is a method for treating disease or injury by man-ual operations. Surgery may be
done through an existing body opening, but usually it involves cutting or punctur-ing tissue
with a sharp instrument in the process of inci-sion. Surgery usu-ally requires some form of
anesthesia.
Surgical Instruments
 Alternative & Complimentary Medicine
During the past century, the leading causes of death in indus-trialized countries have
gradually shifted from infectious dis-eases to chronic diseases of the cardiovascular and
respiratory systems and cancer. In addition to advancing age, life habits and the environment
greatly influence these conditions. As a result, many people have begun to consider healing
practices from other philosophies and cultures as alternatives and com-plements to
conventional Western medicine. Some of these philosophies include osteopathy,
naturopathy, homeopathy, and chiropractic.

Techniques of acupuncture, biofeedback, massage, and meditation may also be used, as

well as herbal remedies and nutritional counseling on diet, vitamins, and minerals.
Complementary and alternative thera-pies emphasize maintaining health rather than treating
disease and allowing the body opportunity to heal itself.

These ideas fit into the concept of holistic health care, which promotes treating an individual
as a whole with emotional, social, and spiritual needs in addition to physical needs and
encouraging people to be involved in their own health maintenance.
Alternative & Complimentary Medicine
Alternative & Complimentary Medicine
 Cancer

Methods used in the diagnosis of cancer include physical examination, biopsy, imaging
techniques, and laboratory tests for abnormalities, or “markers,” associated with specific
types of malignancies. Some cancer markers are byproducts, such as enzymes, hormones, and
cellular proteins that are abnormal or are produced in abnormal amounts. Researchers have
also linked specific genetic mutations to certain forms of cancer.

Oncologists (cancer specialists) use two methods, grading and staging, to classify cancers,
select and evalu-ate therapy, and estimate disease outcome. Grading is based on histologic
(tissue) changes observed in tumor cells when they are examined microscopically. Grades
increase from I to IV with increasing cellular abnormality. Staging is a procedure for
establishing the clinical extent of tumor spread, both at the original site and in other parts of
the body (metastases).

The most widely used methods for treatment of can-cer are surgery, radiation therapy, and
chemotherapy (treat-ment with chemicals). Newer methods of immunotherapy use
substances that stimulate the immune system as a whole or vaccines prepared specifically
against a tumor. Hormone therapy may also be effective against certain types of tumors.
When no active signs of the disease remain the cancer is said to be in remission.
Difference between over-the-counter, prescription drugs,
generic and brand name drugs.
A drug is a substance that alters body function. Tradition-ally, drugs have been derived from
natural plant, animal, and mineral sources. Today, most are manufactured synthet-ically by
pharmaceutical companies. A few, such as certain hormones and enzymes, have been
produced by genetic engineering. Many drugs, described as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs,
are available without a signed order, or prescription (Rx).

Others require a healthcare provider’s prescription for use. Trade name, proprietary name is a
registered trademark of the manufacturer and is written with an initial capital letter. For
example, Tylenol is the brand name for the anal-gesic compound acetaminophen; the
antidepressant Prozac is fluoxetine. A brand name is protected by a patent; only the company
that holds the patent can produce and sell that drug under its brand name until the patent
expires.

Note that the same drug may be marketed by different companies under different brand
names. Both Motrin and Advil, for example, are the generic anti-inflammatory agent
ibuprofen.
Difference between over-the-counter, prescription drugs,
generic and brand name drugs.
Adverse side effects of Drugs and Drug interations

An unintended or off-target effect of a drug or any other form of treatment is a side effect.
Most drugs have potential adverse side effects that must be evaluated before they are
prescribed. In addition, there may be contraindications, or reasons not to use a particular drug
for a specific individual based on the person’s medical conditions, current medica-tions,
sensitivity, or family history.

While a patient is under treatment, it is important to be alert for signs of adverse effects such
as digestive upset, changes in the blood, or signs of allergy, such as hives or skin rashes.
Anaphylaxis is an immediate and severe allergic reaction that may be caused by a drug. It can
lead to life-threatening respiratory distress and circulatory collapse.

Because drugs given in combination may interact, the prescriber must know of any drugs the
patient is tak-ing before prescribing another. In some cases, a combina-tion may result in
synergy or potentiation, meaning that the drugs together have a greater effect than either of
the drugs acting alone. In other cases, one drug may act as an antagonist of another,
interfering with its action. Drugs may also react adversely with certain foods or substances
used socially, such as alcohol and tobacco.
Adverse side effects of Drugs and Drug interations
Drugs that act on the central nervous system may lead to psychological or physical substance
dependence, in which a person has a chronic or compulsive need for a drug regardless of its
bad effects. With repeated use, a drug tolerance may develop, whereby a constant dose has
less effect, and the dose must be increased to produce the origi-nal response. Cessation of the
drug then leads to symptoms of substance withdrawal, a state that results from a drug’s
removal or dose reduction. Certain symptoms are associ-ated with withdrawal from specific
drugs.
Adverse side effects of Drugs and Drug interations
 Herbal medicine & safety issues
For hundreds of years, people have used plants to treat diseases, a practice described as
herbal medicine or phyto-medicine. Many people in industrialized countries are now
turning to herbal products as alternatives or complements to conventional medicines.
Although plants are the source of many conventional drugs, pharmaceutical companies
usually purify, measure, and often modify or synthesize the active ingredients in these plants
rather than presenting them in their natural states.

Some issues have arisen with the increased use of herbal medicines and nutritional
supplements, including questions about their purity, safety, concentration, and effi-cacy.
Another issue is drug interactions. The FDA does not test or verify herbal medicines, and
there are no requirements to report adverse effects. There are, however, restrictions on the
health claims that can be made by the manufacturers of herbal medicines.
Standard Forms of Drug preparations
Standard Forms of Drug Preparations
Routes and Drug Administration
Routes and Drug Administration
Basic Terms Related to Disease & Treatment
Basic Terms Related to Disease & Treatment
Basic Terms Related to Disease & Treatment
 Basic Terms Related to Disease & Treatment

Use of Word-Parts Pertaining to Disease & Treatment

Use of Word-Parts Pertaining to Disease & Treatment
Use of Word-Parts Pertaining to Disease & Treatment
Use of Word-Parts Pertaining to Disease & Treatment
Use of Word-Parts Pertaining to Disease & Treatment
Use of Word-Parts Pertaining to Disease & Treatment
Use of Word-Parts Pertaining to Disease & Treatment
Analyze Medical Terms and Abbreviations
 Analyze Medical Terms and Abbreviations

ECG - Electrocardiogram
TEE - Transesophageal Echocardiogram 
SBE - Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis 
IHSS - Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis

Thank You
BOOK: MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE
( MT BOOK)

CHAPTER 3: DISEASES AND TREATMENT

( NO OF SLIDES -- 43)

CHAPTER 4: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

(NO OF SLIDES --20)

BOTH CHAPTERS DONE BY FAREEHAY MEHDI

SID: 40023998045.