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    Wa0000.

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    Amarnath Kambale
    An assembler is a program that translates assembly language code into machine language code. It uses two main data structures - an operation table (OPTAB) containing mnemonics and their machine code equivalents, and a symbol table (SYMTAB) containing labels and their assigned addresses. The assembler performs a two-pass translation - the first pass assigns addresses and the second pass translates mnemonics and resolves addresses to generate the final machine code.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Wa0000.

    Uploaded by

    Amarnath Kambale
    23 views14 pages
    An assembler is a program that translates assembly language code into machine language code. It uses two main data structures - an operation table (OPTAB) containing mnemonics and their machine code equivalents, and a symbol table (SYMTAB) containing labels and their assigned addresses. The assembler performs a two-pass translation - the first pass assigns addresses and the second pass translates mnemonics and resolves addresses to generate the final machine code.

    Original Description:

    THIS IS ABOUT TH EASSEMBLER

    Original Title

    DOC-20230422-WA0000.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    An assembler is a program that translates assembly language code into machine language code. It uses two main data structures - an operation table (OPTAB) containing mnemonics and their machine code equivalents, and a symbol table (SYMTAB) containing labels and their assigned addresses. The assembler performs a two-pass translation - the first pass assigns addresses and the second pass translates mnemonics and resolves addresses to generate the final machine code.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views14 pages

    Wa0000.

    Uploaded by

    Amarnath Kambale
    An assembler is a program that translates assembly language code into machine language code. It uses two main data structures - an operation table (OPTAB) containing mnemonics and their machine code equivalents, and a symbol table (SYMTAB) containing labels and their assigned addresses. The assembler performs a two-pass translation - the first pass assigns addresses and the second pass translates mnemonics and resolves addresses to generate the final machine code.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    Assembler

    • Assembler is a language processor that converts assembly


    language program to machine language program.

    MOV id3, R1
    0000 1100 0010
    MUL #2.0, R1
    0111 1000 0001
    MOV id2, R2
    Assembler 1111 0101 1110
    MUL R2, R1
    1100 0000 1000
    MOV id1, R2
    1011 0010 1010
    ADD R2, R1
    1001 1000 1001
    MOV R1, id1
    1100 0000 1000
    Assembly Error Machine
    language Messages (If any) language
    program program
    Computer Science & Engineering – 18CS61
    Role of Assembler

    Source Object
    Assembler Code Linker
    Program

    Executable
    Code

    Loader

    Computer Science & Engineering – 18CS61


    Assembler Directives
    ▪ Pseudo-Instructions
    • Not translated into machine instructions
    • Providing information to the assembler
    ▪ Basic assembler directives
    • START
    • END
    • BYTE
    • WORD
    • RESB
    • RESW

    Computer Science & Engineering – 18CS61


    Functions of a Basic Assembler
    ■ Convert mnemonic operation codes to their machine
    language equivalent
    ■ Convert symbolic operands to their equivalent machine
    addresses
    ■ Decide the proper instruction format
    ■ Convert the data constants to internal machine
    representations
    ■ Write the object program and the assembly listing

    Computer Science & Engineering – 18CS61


    Two-Pass Assembler
    ▪ Pass 1
    • Assign addresses to all statements in the program
    • Save the values(addresses) assigned to all labels for use in Pass 2
    • Perform some processing of assembler directives
    ▪ Pass 2
    • Assemble instructions by translating operation codes and looking up
    addresses
    • Generate data values defined by BYTE, WORD
    • Perform processing of assembler directives not done in Pass 1
    • Write the object program and the assembly listing

    Computer Science & Engineering – 18CS61


    Assembler Algorithm and Data Structures
    Our simple assembler uses 2 internal data structures
     Operation code Table (OPTAB)
     Symbol Table(SYMTAB)
     Location counter(LOCCTR)

    ▪ Location counter(LOCCTR) is a variable that is used to help in the assignment


    of addresses
    ▪ LOCCTR initialized to be beginning address specified in the START statement.
    ▪ After each source statement is processed the length of the assembled instruction
    or data area to be generated is added to LOCCTR
    Data structures- OPTAB(operation table)
    ▪ OPTAB contains the mnemonic operation code and its machine language
    equivalent.
    ▪ In more complex assemblers, this table also contains information about
    instruction format and length.
    ▪ During pass1,OPTAB is used to look up and validate operation codes in the
    source program.
    ▪ In pass2 , it is used to translate the operation codes to machine
    equivalents
    ▪ OPTAB is usually organized as hash table, with mnemonic operation code as the
    key.
    ▪ OPTAB is a static table- that is entries are not normally added or deleted from it.
    Data structures- SYMTAB(Symbol Table)
    ▪ Symbol table(SYMTAB) includes the name and value(address) for each label in
    the source program, together with flags to indicate error conditions.
    ▪ During Pass 1 of the assembler, labels are entered into SYMTAB as they are
    encountered in the source program, along with their assigned addresses(from
    LOCCTR).
    ▪ During Pass 2,symbols used as operands are looked up in SYMTAB to obtain
    addresses to be inserted in the assembled instructions.
    ▪ SYMTAB is usually organized as hash table for efficiency of insertion and
    retrieval.
    Example program with object
    code (Figure 2.2 pp. 47)
    Example program with object
    code (Figure 2.2 pp. 47)
    Example program with object
    code (Figure 2.2 pp. 47)
    Format of object
    program (Figure 2.3
    ■ pp.49)
    Header record
    Col. 1 H
    Col. 2~7 Program name
    Col.8~13 Starting address of object program (hex)
    Col. 14- Length of object program in bytes (hex)
    19
    ■ Text record
    Col. 1 T
    Col. 2~7 Starting address for object code in this record (hex)
    Col. 8~9 Length of object code in this record in bytes (hex)
    Col. 10~69 Object code, represented in hex (2 col. per byte)
    ■ End record
    Col.1 E
    Col.2~7 Address of first executable instruction in object program (hex)

    ■ “^” is only for separation


    Format of object
    program (Figure 2.3
    pp.49)
    References

    1. System Software by Leland. L. Beck, D Manjula, 3rd edition, 2012


    Alfred V Aho, Monica S. Lam, Ravi Sethi, Jeffrey D. Ullman ,
    2. Compilers-Principles, Techniques and Tools, Pearson, 2nd edition,
    2007
    3. Doug Brown, John Levine, Tony Mason, lex & yacc, O'Reilly
    Media, October 2012.
    4. Systems programming – Srimanta Pal , Oxford university
    press,2016
    5. System programming and Compiler Design, K C Louden, Cengage
    Learning
    6. System software and operating system by D. M. Dhamdhere TMG

    Computer Science & Engineering – 18CS61

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