(8.123/8.

161) A small halogen light bulb receives an

electrical power of 50 W. The small filament is at
1000 K and gives out 20% of the power as light and
the rest as heat transfer to the gas, which is at 500
K; the glass is at 400 K. All the power is absorbed
by the room walls at 250C. Find the rate of
generation of the entropy in the filament, in the
entire bulb including glass, and in the entire room
including the bulb.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 1
 Troom  25o C

Gas 500 K

W elec
Radiation +
Conduction
Filament1000 K

glass  400 K

W elec  50 W, Q radiation  10 W, Q conduction  40 W

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 2
C.V.1: Filament steady-state
Energy Eqn. :dECV / dt = 0 =W elec -Q rad - Q cond
Q rad Q cond 
Entropy Eqn. : dSCV / dt  0     S gen
TFil TFil

S  
Q rad  Q cond 

W elec

50 W
 0.05 W/K
gen
TFil TFil 1000 K
C.V.2: Bulb including glass
dQ  (10 W)  40 W  
S gen        0.11 W/K
T  1000 K   400 K  
C.V.3: Total Room, all energy leaves at 250 C
Q Total 50 W
S gen    0.168 W/K
Twall 298 K

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 3
(8.104/Q) A rigid container with 200 L is divided into
two equal volumes by a partition, shown in Fig. Both
sides contain nitrogen; one side is at 2 MPa and 2000C,
while the other is at 200 kPa and 1000C. The partition
ruptures and nitrogen comes to a uniform state at 700C.
Assume the temperature of the surroundings to be 200C.
Determine the work done and net entropy change for the
process. Take constant specific heats.

C.V. Nitrogen in A + B ; 1W2  0

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 4
State A1: VA1  100 L, PA1  2000 kPa, TA1  200 o C
PA1VA1 2000 kPa  0.1 m 3
mA1    1.424 kg
RTA1 0.2968 kJ/kg.K  473.2 K
State B1: VB1  100 L, PB1  200 kPa, TB1  100o C
PB1VB1 200 kPa  0.1 m 3
mB1    0.1806 kg
RTB1 0.2968 kJ/kg.K  373.2 K

State 2: T2  70  273.15  343.2 K

mtot RT2  mA1  mB1  RT2
P2  
Vtot VA1  VA1
1.6046 kg  0.2968 kJ/kg.K  343.2 K
 3
 817 kPa
0.2 m

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 5
  TA 2 PA2   TB 2 PB 2 
S A B  mA C p 0 ln  R ln   mB C p 0 ln  R ln 
 TA1 PA1   TB1 PB1 

  343.2   817  
S sys  1.424 1.042  ln    0.2968  ln  
  473.2   2000 
  343.2   817  
 0.1806 1.042  ln    0.2968  ln  
  473.2   200 
 0.1894 kJ/K

1 Q2  U 2  U1  mACv 0 (TA 2  TA1 )  mBCv 0 (TB 2  TB1 )

 1.424  0.745(70  200)  0.1806  0.745(70  100)  141.95 kJ
Q2 141.95
1
S surr    0.4841 kJ/K
T0 293.2
Snet  S sys  S surr  0.1894  0.4841  0.2947 kJ/K

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 6
(8.88/8.88) A piston/cylinder setup contains air at
100 kPa, 400 K which is compressed to a final
pressure of 1000 kPa. Consider two different
processes (a) a reversible adiabatic process and (b) a
reversible isothermal process. Show both processes
in P-v and a T-s diagram. Find the final temperature
and the specific work for both processes.
C.V. Air
Energy equation: u2  u1   1 q2  1 w2
q
Entropy equation:  s2  s1     1 s2 gen
T
Process : reversible  1 s2 gen  0

Engineering Thermodynamics 7
P1  100 kPa, T1  400 K, P2  1000 kPa
(a) Reversible adiabatic process (Isentropic)
q  0  s1  s2
1 2
 1  1

T2  P2  
 P2  
   T2  T1   
T1  P1   P1 
0.4

 1000  1.4
 400     772.3 K
 100 
1
w2  u1@ 400 K  u2@772.3 K
 286.49  570.21 (from table A 7.1)
 283.72 kJ/kg

Engineering Thermodynamics 8
P1  100 kPa, T1  400 K, P2  1000 kPa
(b) Reversible Isothermal process  T1  T2
For this process, taking air as ideal gas 
 T
Cp0 
u2  u1 and sT 2  sT 1  sT  
0 0 0
dT 
 0 T T 
2 dT P2 
w  1 q2  T  s2  s1   T   C p 0
1 2
 R ln 
1 T P1 
 0 P2 
 T   sT 2  sT 1   R ln 
0

 P1 
P2
  R T ln  0.287  400  ln 10 
P1
 264.34 kJ/kg
Engineering Thermodynamics 9
Engineering Thermodynamics 10
(8.90/8.75) Consider a small air pistol with a cylinder
volume of 1 cm3 at 250 kPa and 270C. The bullet acts as
a piston initially held by a trigger, shown in Fig. The
bullet is released so that air expands in an adiabatic
process. If the pressure should be 100 kPa as the bullet
leaves the cylinder, find the final volume and work done
by the air. Hint: Assume reversible process

C.V. Air
Energy equation : m u2  u1   0  1W2
Q
Entropy equation: m  s2  s1     1 s2, gen  0
T
Process : Adiabatic reversible => 1 q2  0, 1 s2, gen  0 and s2  s1 Isentropic

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 11
 k 1 0.4
 P2  k
 100  1.4
T2  T1    300    300  0.40.28575
 P1   250 
 230.9 K

The ideal gas law: PV = mRT at both states leads to

V1 PT 1  250  230.9
V2  1 2
  1.92 cm3
P2T1 100  300

Polytropic work equation with polytropic exponent n  k:

6
P2V2  PV
1 1 (100  1.92  250  1)  10
W
1 2    0.145 J
1 k 1  1.4

Thermodynamics – Chapter 8 12
(8.95/8.83) A piston/cylinder contains air at 1380 K,
15 MPa, with V1 =10 cm3, Acyl = 5 cm2. The piston is
released, and just before the piston exits the end of the
cylinder the pressure inside is 200 kPa. If the cylinder is
insulated, what is its length? How much work is done by
the air inside? Hint: Assume reversible process
C.V. Air and cylinder is insulated
Energy equation: m u2  u1   1 Q2  1W2  0  1W2
q
Entropy equation:  s2  s1     1 s2 gen  0  1 s2 gen
T
P1  15000 kPa, T1  1380 K and P2  200 kPa, T2  ?
For getting T2 , assume this process is reversible.
1 s2 gen  0  s2  s1  0

Engineering Thermodynamics 13
State 1 : P1  15000 kPa, T1  1380 K
From table A.7 (by interpolation) 
u1  1095.2 kJ/kg, sT01  8.5115 kJ/kg.K
P1 V1 1500 10 106
m   0.00379 kg
RT1 0.287 1380
State 2 : P2  200 kPa
1 s2 gen  0  s2  s1  0
P2
s2  s1  0   sT 2  sT 1   R ln
0 0

P1
0 0 P2
sT 2  sT 1  R ln
P1
 200 
 8.5115  0.287 ln    7.2724 kJ/kg.K
 15000 
Engineering Thermodynamics 14
From table A.7, by interpolating 
T2  447.2 K and u2  320.92 kJ/kg

PV PV T2 P1
1 1
 2 2
 V2  V1  
T1 T2 T1 P2
100  447.2  15000
  243 cm 3
1380  200
V2 243
L2    48.6 cm
Acyl 5

1
W2  m u1  u2 
 0.00379 1095.2  320.92 
 0.2935 kJ

Engineering Thermodynamics 15