Ramp Safety

RAMP SAFETY
AIRCRAFT MARSHALLING AND RAMP SAFETY
GENERAL RAMP SAFETY RULES

1. Only authorized and certified personnel may operate
vehicle / ground equipment at the ramp. Operator is
responsible for the safe operation of equipment assigned to
him.

2. Serviceable vehicle/ground equipment for ramp operation
shall be with a rotating beacon.

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 2

3. All types of vehicle/ground equipment shall be roadworthy prior to

usage. Ensure that:

 All electrical and braking system is functioning properly.
 Tires are in good condition.
 Free from any signs of oil leak, fuel leak, and hydraulic leak.
 All applicable safety features of ground equipment should be
functioning properly.

4. Vehicular lane must be utilized when driving inside the Aircraft
Movement Areas (AMA).

5. Observe the speed limits when driving inside the AMA:

20 kph when driving on service roads of the AMA.
8 kph when driving within 50ft. distance from an aircraft.
Walking speed when approaching an aircraft or driving within
the aircraft service area.

6. Dornier Ground equipment operators, service vehicle drivers
and ramp users are required to obey informative and vehicular
traffic signage at the ramp.

7. Moving aircraft, pedestrians, and emergency vehicles shall

always have the right-of-way.

8. Absolute “No Smoking” in the ramp.

9. Parking or operating vehicle/ground equipment under an
aircraft
or its part is prohibited, except, aircraft servicing is the intent.

10. Backing up of vehicles in the ramp must be avoided. Before

commencing to back up, operator shall ensure that his pathway is
clear from obstructions. A marshal is required when backing up in a
congested area and is mandatory when operating within 10 ft. of the
aircraft.
11. Operator should not leave his vehicle/ground equipment unattended. In

cases where operator must leave the car/GSE, the engine must be
turned off, shift the gear to neutral or park position, set parking brakes,
and install wheel chocks as necessary.

12. Vehicles / ground equipment should be parked at designated

parking / waiting areas only.

13. Keep away from danger zones of a running engine due to jet blast
and prop wash hazards.

14. All ground equipment should be equipped with a serviceable fire
extinguisher

15. Ramp personnel should wear high visibility vest and other
necessary PPE.

16. Operators of ground equipment which are connected to the aircraft
(i.e. ground power unit, air-conditioner unit, lavatory truck, potable
water truck) shall ascertain that all hoses and
cables have been disconnected and stowed before driving out.


17. Do not obstruct vehicle lanes. Remove immediately any stalled

car/GSE.

18. Pick up any foreign object debris (FOD) that can cause damage to the
aircraft, equipment or property, or inflict injury to personnel.

19. Personnel with primary function of working in the ramp must turn off
their mobile phones to prevent loss of concentration, and to maintain
situational awareness.

20. Reading of newspaper, magazine and other reading materials are

forbidden at the ramp.

21. No drinking and eating at the ramp.

22. Vehicles/ground equipment must not be overloaded. Personnel should
not be allowed to ride if there are no seats available.


AIRCRAFT MARSHALLING
 Aircraft ground maneuvering is an activity between the aircraft operator and
aircraft marshaller.
 Aircraft marshaller is the ground personnel who execute coordinated hand signals
to an aircraft operator taxiing or operating on ground.
 At times, assistance by several wing tip or tail guides may be necessary to safely
move the aircraft. The marshaller and wing tip guides at all times shall be alert and
observant to the speed, direction of movement, distances from objects, and
distances required to stop the aircraft.
 When signals are transmitted through a wing tip guide or tail guide, sufficient times
must be allowed for the signal to be relayed. The signal person must stay in full view
at al times, moving about as necessary as the aircraft or ground equipment changes
position. Engines are always numbered from left to right as viewed from the rear of
the aircraft.
 No person should attempt to marshal or guide an aircraft unless trained, qualified

and approved to carry out such functions and where allowed by the local Airport
Authority.

 A Marshaller will be responsible for providing standard marshalling signals, in a

clear and precise manner, to arriving and departing aircraft.
 This person MUST wear a distinctive Identification Vest to identify to the Flight
Crew that they are the person in charge of the marshalling operation.
 ‘Day-Glo’ wands, tabletennis bats or gloves MUST be used for ALL signaling by ALL
participating Ground Crew personnel during daylight hours. Illuminated wands MUST
be used at night or in low visibility.

HAND SIGNALS
 Hand signals may originate from either the ground personnel or cockpit personnel
and/or tow operator, depending upon on what action or information is desired.
 A direct line of vision is sometimes not possible and may require assistance from
another person to guide and provide or relay signals for safety reasons.
 The Aircraft Marshaller shall always ensure that the required space to maneuver
the aircraft safely on the ground is available before giving signal to aircraft operator to
put the aircraft into motion. The Aircraft’s operator’s judgment, therefore, is greatly
influenced by the quality of the support given him by the Aircraft Marshaller.
 Primary responsibility for the safety of the aircraft during taxi or towing rests with
the Aircraft Operator or Tow Operator. However, this does not relieve the Wing Tip or
Tail Guides and the Aircraft Marshaller from exercising their responsibilities.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MARSHALLER

1. The aircraft marshaller is solely responsible for transmitting marshalling signals to
the aircraft operator when directing or assisting in the starting, stopping or
maneuvering of aircraft on ground. He must carry the permit to handle aircraft
marshalling functions during his tour of duty. He shares the responsibility with the
aircraft operator in preventing accidents during ground operations under his
guidance.
2. He must be proficient with all the marshalling signals and be in possession of his
marshalling permit issued while on duty.
3. He is responsible for imposing the safety procedures at the ramp. Ramp
representatives shall only be allowed to approach the aircraft after it has come to a
full stop and upon the marshaller’s clearance. A perimeter line shall therefore be
established and determine by Station Management according to the peculiarities of
that station and which places marginal distance of safety between aircraft and ramp
personnel/equipment.
4. He must also be familiar with the blast areas and allied precautions necessary for
the particular aircraft being serviced.
5. If there is doubt as to the clearance in the parking bay, the marshaller should guide
the aircraft operator to park at a more convenient area.

6.Should an aircraft be maneuvered into a bay with the adjoining bays occupied or
congested, marshaller should position at least two wing tip or tail guides and receive
signals from them. A wing tip guide is mandatory whenever the aircraft wing tip or tail
is 10 feet from any obstruction.
7.Marshaller shall receive guide signals from the wing tip guides whenever necessary.
If at anytime he loses visual contact with the wing tip guide, he must give the “STOP
AIRCRAFT” signals to the aircraft operator until visual contact is re-established.
8.Prior to marshalling the aircraft into an assigned bay, the marshaller must check the
bay for accurate clearance in maneuvering the aircraft and ensure that there are no
obstructions along the intended path of the aircraft and its blast area. The marshaller
must notify other operators of aircraft occupying the adjoining bays of the impending
arrival or departure of aircraft, so as to enable them to secure all equipment and loose
items against jet blasts.
9.For departing aircraft, the marshaller positions himself at the left side of the aircraft
and forward of the cockpit at a 45° angle from the centerline to maintain visual
contact with the aircraft operator by using the ground-to-cockpit intercom system or
through hand signals in the other stations. He shall ensure that all equipment in the
blast areas is properly secured. He shall give the “START ENGINE” signal only when the
engine areas, propeller and jet intake are clear of personnel and obstructions.
Fireguard must be posted.

10. The marshaller gives the “CHOCKS REMOVED” signal only when the aircraft taxi
path is cleared of all service vehicles, equipment and other obstructions.
11.The “ALL CLEAR TO TAXI” signal shall only be given only after all doors and access
panels had been closed, all ground support equipment had been disconnected,
landing gear locks/ pins and chocks had been removed and the aircraft’s intended
path is cleared for taxiing.
12.The marshaller at all times shall exercise good judgment and extreme caution. When
the slightest doubt exists as to the desired clearances, the “STOP AIRCRAFT” signal
shall be given to enable him to closely evaluate the situation. Otherwise, the “STOP
ENGINES” signal shall be given and have the aircraft towed.
13.The aircraft shall always be marshalled when it is to be parked within the taxi
guidelines or markers of the bay. Should an aircraft be marshalled beyond the
guidelines of the bay, the marshaller must ensure that the aircraft is immediately
towed back to position if it constitutes a hazard to the movement of other aircraft
within the adjacent areas.

WING TIP OR TAIL GUIDE

 The wing tip or tail guide shall be designated whenever an aircraft is being
maneuvered in congested areas. The guide directs his hand signals to the
marshaller. The guide shall at all times exercise good judgement and extreme
caution. When the slightest doubt exists as to wingtip clearance he shall give the
“STOP AIRCRAFT” signal to the marshaller to enable him to closely evaluate the
situation.
 Otherwise, he shall give the marshaller the “STOP ENGINE” signal and have the
aircraft towed. He shares the responsibility with the aircraft operator and aircraft
marshaller in preventing accidents during ground operations on his guidance.
CHOCKS MAN
 The chockman shall ensure that wheel chocks are removed only after the taxi path
of the aircraft is positively cleared of all obstructions, notwithstanding the
marshaller’s signal to remove the chocks.

IDENTIFY GATE
Raise fully
extended arms
straight above
head with wands
pointing up,
move hands fore
and aft to keep
from blending
into background.

CONTINUE TO TAXI STRAIGHT

AHEAD
Bend extended
arms at
elbows and
move wands
up and down
from waist to
head.

SLOW DOWN
Move extended
arms downwards
in a “patting
gesture”, moving
wands up and
down from waist
to knee..

Turn Right (Pilot’s view)
With left arm and

wand extended at a
90°
angle to the body,
right hand makes the
come ahead signal.
The rate of signal
motion indicates to
the pilot the rate
of aircraft
movement
desired.
Turn Left (Pilot’s view)
With right arm and

wand extended at a
90° angle to the
body, left hand
makes the come
ahead signal. The
rate of signal motion
indicates to the
pilot the rate of
aircraft movement
desired..
Normal Stop
Fully extend
arms and
wands 90° to
the sides and
slowly move to
above the
head until
wands cross.

Emergency Stop
Abruptly extend
arms and
wands to
top of head,
crossing wands.

Hold position/ Stand-by
Fully extend
arms and
wands 45° to
sides.
Hold the
position until
the aircraft is
clear for the
next maneuver.
Proceed to next marshaller
Point both arms

upward, move
and extend arms
outward to side of
body and point
with wands to
direction of next
marshaller or taxi
area.

End Marshalling
Perform a standard
military salute with
right hand and/or
wand to dispatch the
aircraft.
Maintain eye contact
with the flight crew
until the aircraft has
begun to taxi.

Fire
Move right hand

wand in a
“infinity” motion
from the shoulder
to the knee,
while at the
same time
pointing with the
left-hand wand to
the area of the
fire.
Set Brakes
Raise hand just above

shoulder height with
open palm. Ensuring
eye contact with the
flight crew, close
hand into a fist.
DO NOT move until
receipt of thumbs up
acknowledgment from
the flight crew.
Release Brakes
Raise hand just above

shoulder height with
hand closed in a fist.
Ensuring eye contact
with the flight crew,
open palm.
DO NOT move until
receipt of thumbs up
acknowledgment from
the flight crew.
Chocks Inserted
With arms fully

extended above
head and wands
pointing inwards,
move wands
together with an
inward motion until
wands touch.

Chocks Removed
With arms and

wands fully
extended above
head, move wands
outward in a
motion. DO NOT
remove chocks until
authorized by the
flight crew.

Start Engines
Raise right arm to
head level with
wand pointing up
and start a
circular motion
with hand, at the
same time with
the left arm raised
above head level
point to engine to
be started.
Shut Engine
Extend arm with
wand forward of
body at shoulder
level, move hand
and wand to top of
left shoulder and
draw wand to top
of right shoulder in
a slicing motion
across throat.

Technical/ Servicing Communication

 A number of hand signals are used to communicate
to flight crews during the aircraft movement process
that relate to servicing or handling functions.
 Manual signals should only be used when verbal

communication is not possible. Ensure an
acknowledgment is received from the flight crew on
all occasions.
Technical/Servicing Signals
 In the following, reference to wands may also be

read to refer to ‘Day-Glo’ tabletennis bats or gloves
(daytime only).

To connect ground power
Hold arms fully extended above head, open left hand

horizontally and move fingertips of right hand into and touch the
open palm of left hand (forming a “T”). At night, illuminated
wands can also be used to form the “T” above the head.

To dis-connect ground
power
Hold arms fully extended above head with finger tips of right hand
touching the open horizontal palm of the left hand (forming a “T”), then
move right hand away from the left.
DO NOT disconnect power until authorized by the flight crew. At night,
illuminated wands can also be used to open the “T” above the head.

Affirmative / All clear
Raise right arm

to head level
with wand
pointing up or
display hand with
thumbs up, left
arm remains at
side by knee.

Negative
Hold right arm

straight out at 90°
from
shoulder and point
wand down to
ground
or display hand
with thumbs
down, left hand
remains at side by
knee.
Do not touch controls
Raise right hand

above head
level and close
fist or hold
wand in the
horizontal
position, left arm
remains at side
by knee.
Interphones
Extend both arms at 90° from body and

move hands to cup both ears.

SAFETY PROCEDURES AND RAMP SAFETY

1. Marshaller and mechanics must ensure that no equipment and/or personnel will
approach the aircraft until it has come to a full stop, engine shutdown and chocks
in.
2. Marshaller / lead mechanic must see to it that all equipment are moving safely in
the circle of safety.
3. Any moving vehicle / backing inside the circle of safety must have a marshaller as
a guide.
4. Marshaller / lead mechanic / GSE operator must ensure all parked vehicles
(refueling truck, lavatory truck, catering vehicles, cargo tug, maintenance vehicles,
etc.) inside the circle of safety are chocked.
5. Personnel must wear ear plugs, muff-type ear defender, or headsets in the
immediate area of an aircraft with its engines / APU running. “IMMEDIATE AREA”
is the area where hearing loss may occur if area protectors are not worn.
6. Do not remove aircraft chocks while aircraft is still being serviced.
7. During refuelling of aircraft there must be no gasoline-fuelled vehicle beside or

inside the circle of safety because it will emit spark during engine starting.

CIRCLE OF SAFETY
The circle of safety is a circle around the aircraft with about 5 – 10 feet clearance from
wing tip, tail end and nose tip where safety procedure is a must.
The following must be observed when within the circle of safety:
1. Every taxi-in/ tow out of aircraft, wing tip guide is a must. Every wing tip guide must
be seen always by the marshaller and/ or tow operator.
2. Lead Mechanic/ marshaller must see to it that all parked vehicles inside the circle of
safety are chocked, with engine off.
3. All vehicles moving inside the circle of safety, especially when backing must be
marshalled and guided.
4. All vehicles must park with its front pointing away from the aircraft.
5. Do not approach the aircraft when taxiing to bay until it comes to a full stop
(chocked/ engine shutoff). Wait for the marshaller’s “OK” hand signal.
6. All operators must observe the 5-mph speed inside the circle of safety.

7. Always wear earplugs/ earmuffs.
8. Do not leave any vehicle unattended while engine is running.
9. Do not remove chocks if its not clear yet of equipment around the aircraft, and
ready for roll-out.

5 – 10 feet
5 – 10 feet 5 – 10 feet
5 – 10 feet
CIRCLE OF SAFETY

GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT

CHOCKS POSITION
 A minimum chocking procedure for HKE aircraft is required on both transit and
long overlay. Where each landing gear wheel is chocked, the standard practice is to
have chocks in the same wheel.
For Safety Reason

Chocks are highly recommended to
place Inboard as a location where
consider furthest away from the
engine. However, always refer to the
aircraft type chocking standards
specified by local authority
/industrial guidance.

HAZARDOUS AREAS

TOWING SAFETY PRECAUTION

TOW OPERATOR
Primary responsibility for the safety of the aircraft during taxi or towing rests with the
aircraft operator and tow operator. However, this does not relieve the wing tip or tail
guides and the aircraft marshaller from exercising their responsibilities.
•Ensure all nose and main gear downlock pins or sleeves are installed and streamers
are visible from the ground.
• Nose gear steering lockout pin installed or torque link disconnected.
• Landing gear struts are correctly serviced.
• Observe limits on nose gear strut extension.
• Aircraft Centre of Gravity is within safe towing limits and lateral balance satisfactory.
• Close all aircraft main entry doors.
• Close all main cargo doors.
• Close all main landing gear doors
• Close and latch all engine cowls.
•Rotating beacon and navigation lights switched on as required by local airport
authorities.
•Observe safety precautions for personnel and when using the headset cord in the
hazard zone around the
nose wheel area.

“FOLLOW ME” VEHICLES

With “FOLLOW ME” sign should be colored with reflectorized paint in international
orange and its border lights should be flashing at night. This vehicle is to be use in
guiding the aircraft operator to its assigned or newly assigned parking bay during
congested conditions.

MARSHALLING EQUIPMENT
1. Marshallers shall give signals using paddles during the day and illuminated wands
at night, except on signals with the use of bare hands
2. Paddles will be coated with high visibility paint, colored in international orange.
3. Illuminated wands will be of 3 sets, 1 set each for marshaller, wing tip guide and
tail guide.
4. Marshaller’s vest , colored in international orange or yellow, shall always be worn

during aircraft marshalling whether day or night, to facilitate identification by the
aircraft operator.

Marshall should stay in a fixed

position, about 40 feet from and
directly ahead of aircraft nose. When
aircraft has finally parked on desired
bay, he should not move backwards
or sidewards unless necessary.
Marshaller
40’
Bay
Marshaller’s Position For All

Arriving Aircraft
Aircraft parked on taxi guideline.

Marshaller may move backward or to his
right as needed to maintain visual contact
with aircraft operator.
Marshaller
Final Aircraft Parking Position

Wing Tip Guide
80’
Marshaller
Wing Tip Guide
Communication Flow For All Arriving Aircraft

Left side of the aircraft at 45° angle

forward of cockpit at a distance to
maintain visual contact with aircraft
operator.
45°
Marshaller
Marshaller’s Position For All Departing Aircraft

Wing Tip Guide
Marshaller
Wing Tip Guide
Communication For All Departing Aircraft

SAFETY CONES POSITION

 For safety purposes, 7 safety cones are required. Safety cone should be belted with
reflective strap to increase their awareness. They should be located at each wing
tips, 1 FWD and aft of each engine and 1 underneath the tail cone. If the aircraft
parking in the remote bay aircraft are able to taxing out by pilot, additional safety
cone shall located at the nose radome area.

HEADSET COMMUNICATION
The purpose of this procedure is to set out a clear and consistent
communication standard between the Ground Engineer and the Flight Deck
Crew during aircraft arrival and pushback operations. Mechanics and
engineers must be able to use the standard phrases required for these
procedures.
ARRIVAL

DEPARTUR
E


DEPARTURE WITHOUT PUSHBACK

ITEM TO BE COMMUNICATED BY GROUND AND CREW


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RAMP SAFETY

AIRCRAFT MARSHALLING AND RAMP SAFETY

GENERAL RAMP SAFETY RULES

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 2

3. All types of vehicle/ground equipment shall be roadworthy prior to

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 3

5. Observe the speed limits when driving inside the AMA:

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 4

7. Moving aircraft, pedestrians, and emergency vehicles shall

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 5

10. Backing up of vehicles in the ramp must be avoided. Before

11. Operator should not leave his vehicle/ground equipment unattended. In

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 6

12. Vehicles / ground equipment should be parked at designated

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 7

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17. Do not obstruct vehicle lanes. Remove immediately any stalled

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 9

20. Reading of newspaper, magazine and other reading materials are

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 10

 No person should attempt to marshal or guide an aircraft unless trained, qualified

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 11

 A Marshaller will be responsible for providing standard marshalling signals, in a

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 12

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 13

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MARSHALLER

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 14

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WING TIP OR TAIL GUIDE

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CONTINUE TO TAXI STRAIGHT

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Turn Right (Pilot’s view)

With left arm and

Turn Left (Pilot’s view)

With right arm and

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 23

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Hold position/ Stand-by

Proceed to next marshaller

Point both arms

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 26

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Move right hand

Raise hand just above

Raise hand just above

With arms fully

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 31

With arms and

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 32

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 34

Technical/ Servicing Communication

 Manual signals should only be used when verbal

 In the following, reference to wands may also be

MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 35

To connect ground power