Close Relationship

Made by:

Laiba Islam FA20-BPY-069

Kainite Mehmood FA20-BPY-062
Zaib Fatima FA20-BPY-022
Shifa Shah FA20-BPY-039
Close Relationship
Close relationships are those relationships that have
the characteristics of knowledge, trust, caring,
interdependence, mutuality, and commitment in them.
Social psychologists are fully aware of the central role
of relationships in our lives. In a sense, interpersonal
attraction is the beginning of many relationships.
Different cultures have very different expectations
concerning marriage and responsibilities of parent–
child relationships.
Relationships with Family Members
Our First—and Most Lasting—Close
Relationships

• Relationship with parents

• Relationship with siblings
Parents –Child
interaction
• Parent–child interactions are of
basic importance this is usually
one’s first contact with another
person.
• Important implications for our
later interpersonal behavior.
Parent- Child interaction role in
attachment style

On the basis of careful studies of mothers and infants,

Bowlby developed the concept of attachment style.
Bowlby suggests, acquire two basic attitudes during
their earliest interactions with an adult.
• The first is an attitude about self, self-esteem. The
behavior and the emotional reactions of the
caregiver provide information to the infant that he
or she is a valued, important, loved individual.
• The second basic attitude concerns other people,
and involves general expectancies and beliefs about
them. This attitude is interpersonal trust, and is
based largely on whether the caregiver is perceived
by the infant as trustworthy, dependable.
Patterns of attachment style
0n the basis of two attitudes four possible patterns are exist.
• Secure attachment style • Preoccupied attachment style
A person with a secure attachment style is Low self-esteem combined with high interpersonal
trust produces a preoccupied attachment style.
high in both self-esteem and trust. Secure Individuals showing this pattern of attachment
individuals are best able to form lasting, want closeness (sometimes excessively so), and
committed, satisfying relationships they readily form relationships.
throughout life. • Dismissing attachment style
• Fearful avoidant attachment style Finally, those with a dismissing attachment style (a
style we examined briefly previously) are high in
Someone low in both self-esteem and self-esteem and low in interpersonal trust. This
interpersonal trust has a fearful-avoidant combination leads to the belief that one is very
attachment style. Fearful-avoidant much deserving of good relationships, but
individuals tend not to form close because these individuals don’t trust others, they
relationships or to have unhappy ones. fear genuine closeness.
Romantic
Relationships
Romantic relationships are those characterized by
feelings of love and attraction for another person.
While romantic love can vary, it often involves
feelings of infatuation, intimacy, and commitment.
Romantic relationships tend to change over time.
LOVE: its basic nature
Love is certainly one of the most popular topics in
songs, movies, and novels. Love is recognizing the
beloved's individualistic nature and valuing those
individualistic qualities with no question of
comparison. Thus, love involves reason because it
responds to something external, the beloved's
universal properties.
Love: Mystery of love
A quality or feeling of strong or constant affection for and
dedication to another. motherly love, attraction based on
sexual desire, the strong affection and tenderness felt by
lovers, a beloved person, darling.
Love encompasses a range of strong and positive
emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue
or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the
simplest pleasure.
Passionate Love
A type of love in which emotional arousal and usually sexual passion
are prominent features; along with companionate love, it is one of the
two main types of love identified by social psychologists.
Passionate love is associated with strong feelings of love and desire
for a specific person. This love is full of excitement and novelty.
Passionate love is important in the beginning of the relationship and
typically lasts 3-12 months.
Unrequited love
• Unrequited love or one-sided love is love that is
not openly reciprocated or understood as such by
the beloved. The beloved may not be aware of the
admirer's deep and pure affection or may
consciously reject it. Merriam-Webster defines
unrequited as "not reciprocated or returned in
kind".
• But unrequited love isn't love," Muñoz says. The
thing about unrequited love is that people most
often experience it toward someone they don't
know that well or someone who hasn't actually
opened up to them fully. So, in some ways,
unrequited love may be closer to infatuation than
real love in most situations.
Origin of love

“The Origin of Love” is based on a

speech by Aristophanes in Plato's
Symposium. The speech described three
different sexes: men attached to men,
women attached to women, and men
attached to women. They were split in
two by the Gods, leaving them with a
constant desire to seek their other half.
Fossils tell us that love evolved hundreds
of millions of years ago, helping our
mammalian ancestors survive in the time
of the dinosaurs. Humans have peculiarly
complex emotional lives. Romantic love,
the long-term bonding between males and
females, is unusual among mammals.
Several Kinds
of love
Companionate love
Companionate love is an intimate,
non-passionate type of love that is
stronger than friendship because of
the element of long-term
commitment. "This type of love is
observed in long-term marriages
where passion is no longer present"
but where a deep affection and
commitment remain.
Triangular model of love
Psychologist Robert Sternberg's theory describes types of love based on
three different scales: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
The triangular theory of love holds that love can be understood in terms
of three components that together can be viewed as forming the vertices
of a triangle. The triangle is used as a metaphor, rather than as a strict
geometric model. These three components are intimacy, passion, and
decision/commitment. Each component manifests a different aspect of
love.
Triangular model of love
Intimacy. Intimacy refers to feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness in loving
relationships. It thus includes within its purview those feelings that give rise, essentially, to the
experience of warmth in a loving relationship.

Passion. Passion refers to the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation,
and related phenomena in loving relationships. The passion component includes within its purview
those sources of motivational and other forms of arousal that lead to the experience of passion in a
loving relationship.

Decision/commitment. Decision/commitment refers, in the short-term, to the decision that one loves
a certain other, and in the long-term, to one's commitment to maintain that love. These two aspects of
the decision/commitment component do not necessarily go together, in that one can decide to love
someone without being committed to the love in the long-term, or one can be committed to a
relationship without acknowledging that one loves the other person in the relationship.
Sternberg’s Triangular Model of Love

Sternberg suggests that love has three basic components: intimacy,

passion, and decision/commitment. For a given couple,
• love can be based on any one of these three components, on a
combination of any two of them, or on all three. These
• various possibilities yield seven types of relationships, including the
ideal (consummate love) that consists of all three basic
• components equally represented
Selecting
Romantic
Partners
The role of physical attractiveness
Research shows that romantic
attraction is primarily determined by
physical attractiveness. In the early
stages of dating, people are more
attracted to partners whom they
consider to be physically attractive.
Men are more likely to value physical
attractiveness than are women.
Selecting Romantic
Partners
• POSSIBLE FUTURE SELVES AND MATE
PREFERENCES
Close relationship
• We have long-term relationships with family members (our parents,
siblings, grandparents, etc.) that exist from birth, and continue
throughout life— sometimes whether we like it or not!
• Different cultures have very different expectations concerning
marriage.
Relationship with Family Member
• In the 1950s and 1960s, situation comedies on television often
showed family relationships in a very favorable light: mothers were
caring, fathers were wise,
• And grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins shared experience,
support, and advice freely and openly with their relatives
RELATIONSHIPS WITH PARENTS
• Parent–child interactions are of basic importance because this is
usually one’s first contact with another person. Human infants are
extremely sensitive to facial expressions, body movements, and the
sounds people make. Overall, such reciprocal interactions tend to be a
positive educational experience for both.
THEIR ROLE IN ATTACHMENT STYLE
• Infants, Bowlby suggests, acquire two basic attitudes during their
earliest interactions with an adult. The first is an attitude about self,
self-esteem.
• For instance, a painful divorce or relationship breakup may reduce an
individual’s self-esteem and undercut feelings of security
These four contrasting attachment styles can
be described as follows.
• A person with a secure attachment style is high in both self-esteem
and trust.
• Someone low in both self-esteem and interpersonal trust has a
fearful-avoidant attachment style.
• Low self-esteem combined with high interpersonal trust produces a
preoccupied attachment style.
• dismissing attachment style (a style we examined briefly previously)
are high in self-esteem and low in interpersonal trust.
THE ROLE OF OTHER FAMILY
MEMBERS
• Every interaction is potentially important as the young person is
developing attitudes about the meaning and value of such factors as
trust, affection, self-worth, competition, and humor.
• When an older person plays games with a youngster, learning involves
not only the game itself, but also how people interact in a social
situation, follow a set of rules, behave honestly or cheat, and how
they deal with disagreements.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AND
AMONG SIBLINGS
• Approximately 80 percent of us grow up in a household with at least
one sibling.
• Among elementary schoolchildren, those who have no siblings are
found to be less liked by their classmates and to be more aggressive
or to be more victimized by aggressors than those with siblings,
presumably because having brothers or sisters provides useful
interpersonal learning experiences
• Sibling relationships, unlike those between parent and child, often
combine feelings of affection, hostility, and rivalry.
CLOSE FRIENDSHIPS
• Many childhood friendships simply fade away. At times, however, a
relationship begun in early childhood can mature into a close
friendship that involves increasingly mature types of interaction.
• Once established, a close friendship results in the two individuals
spending increasing amounts of time together, interacting in varied
situations, self-disclosing, and providing mutual emotional support
GENDER AND FRIENDSHIPS
• Women report having more close friends than men do. Women also
place more importance on intimacy.
• The importance of friendships extends far beyond the undergraduate
years, and even plays a role in the social position of professionals in
the world of business
Jealousy: internal threat to relationship

• Jealousy has often been described as the “green-eyed monster,” and

with good reason.
• Feelings of jealousy—concerns that a romantic partner or other
person about whom we care deeply might transfer their affection or
loyalty to another—are deeply distressing.
Jealousy
• While most people think about jealousy primarily in connection with
romantic relationships, it can occur in other contexts too; all that is
essential is that a valued relationship with another person is
threatened by a rival.
• In fact, government statistics indicate that jealousy is a major factor in
a large proportion of homicides against women; women are most
likely to be murdered by current or former jealous partners.
Jealousy
• Jealousy is largely the result of threats to one’s self-esteem.
• We experience jealousy because anticipated or actual social rejection
threatens our self-esteem.
Example
• These researchers arranged for participants in their study to perform a problem-
solving task with a partner, who was actually an assistant of the researchers.
• The three people (two assistants and the one real subject) then worked on
another task and during this activity, the experimenter informed them that they
could work either as pairs or alone. That meant that one person would be
“out”—she would have to work alone. In the jealousyinducing condition, the
partner—with whom the real subject had previously worked so well—chose to
work with the newly arrived rival.
Example
• In a control condition, not designed to induce jealousy, the partner
suddenly remembered that she had another appointment and had to
leave. In this condition, too, she ended the enjoyable working
relationship with the real subject, but in a way that would not be
expected to produce jealousy.
Conclusion
• After these procedures were over, participants in both conditions
(jealousy and no jealousy) completed measures of their jealousy and
their self-esteem. The researchers predicted that those exposed to
the jealousy-inducing conditions would experience stronger jealousy
than those in the control group, and this is precisely what was found