A Presentation

on
UNIT –I
Number system, digital Logic families
and Logic Gates
Ms. Reena More
Information Technology Department
RSM Polytechnic ,Nashik -13
Signal
Signal is Physical quantity which contains information and which is a function of
one or more independent variables.
It is variation of voltage and current with respect to time .
Signals are of two types
i. Analog Signal
ii. Digital signal

 Analog signal is defined as the signal having continuous values. They have
infinite number of different values.
Example : Temperature, Distance, Sound. Power
 Digital signal is defined as the signals which has only finite number of distinct
values
Digital Signal
Binary signal- If a signal has only two distinct values i.e. 0 and 1 then it is called
as binary signal.
Octal signal- A digital signal having eight distinct values is called as octal signal.
Hexadecimal Signal- A digital signal having sixteen distinct values is called as
octal signal.

Type of Digital Number of

signal distinct values

Binary 2
Octal 8
Hexadecimal 10
System or Circuit
A system or circuit is defined as the physical device or group of devices or
algorithm which performs the required operations on the signal applied as its
input.
System or circuits are of two types - Analog and digital.
Analog circuits – The circuits that process analog signal are called as analog
signal
 Example –Filters , Amplifiers Signal Generators

Digital circuits -The circuits that process on digital signal are called as digital
signal
 Examples- adders flip-flops , microprocessor.
 Binary Logic & Logic Levels
• A logic statement is defined as a statement which is true if some condition is true
and false if that condition is not satisfied.
• For Example – Bulb
• Positive logic- A “LOW “ voltage represents “Logic 0” state and a “HIGH”
Voltage represents “Logic 1 “.
• For example : 0 Volts represents a logic 0 state and +5V represents a logic 1.

Logic 0 0V
(LOW)
Logic 1 +5V
(HIGH)
Negative Logic
• A “LOW “ voltage represents “Logic 1” state and a “HIGH” Voltage
represents “Logic 0 “.
• For example : 0 Volts represents a logic 1 state and +5V represents a
logic 0.

Logic 0 +5V
(LOW)
Logic 1 0V
(HIGH)
 Number system
Radix or Base
A Number system defines a set of values used to represent a quantity.
The number of values that a digit can have is equal to the base of the system
Example :- Decimal – Base is 10 as every digit can have 10 distinct values.(0,1,…….9)
The largest value of digit is always one less that the base
The position (place) of every digit represents a different multiple of base i.e the numbers
have positional importance.
 MSD LSD
3 4 9 . 2 5

4*101= 40
3*102= 3 * 100= 300 9*100 = 9*1=9 5*10-2 = 5/100 2*10-1= 2/10
Binary Number System
• The name is so because it has two base (0 and 1),
• It uses base 2
• The binary digit are called as bits

22 21 20 2-1 2-2
 Binary Number Format
Bit- The smallest unit of data in a computer is called Bit (Binary Digit). A bit has
a single binary value, either 0 or 1.
Nibble- Half a byte (four bits) is called a nibble.
Byte - A byte is a unit of data that is eight binary digits long. A byte is the unit
most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number or
typographic symbol (for example, “g”, “5”, or “?”).
Length Name Example
1 Bit 0
4 Nibble 1011
8 Byte 1011010
1
Octal Number System
The base used for octal number system is 8
Each digit will assume 8 different values from 0-7
The largest value of digit will be 7
Radix Point
82 81 80 8-1 8-2
 Hexadecimal Number System
The base of hexadecimal number system is 16
The number of values assumed by each digit is 16.Th values include digit from 0-
9 and letters A,B,C,D,E,F.
Decimal Number 4-bit Binary Number Hexadecimal Number

0 0000 0

1 0001 1

2 0010 2

3 0011 3

4 0100 4

5 0101 5

6 0110 6

7 0111 7

8 1000 8

9 1001 9

10 1010 A

11 1011 B

12 1100 C

13 1101 D

14 1110 E

15 1111 F
Given Number System to Decimal number
The general procedure for conversion of a number system to decimal system is
given below:
Steps to Follow:
1. Note down the given Number.
2. Write down the weights corresponding to different positions.
3. Multiply each digit in the given number with the corresponding weight to
obtain product numbers.
4. Add all the product numbers to get the decimal equivalent.
Binary to Decimal
1011.01
= (1 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20) + (0 x 2-1) + (1 x 2-2)
=8+0+2+1+0+¼
= (11.25)10
Octal to Decimal
Convert the octal number (314)8 to its decimal equivalent.
Solution: 314
= (3 x 82) + (1 x 81) + (4 x 80)
= 192 + 8 + 4
= (204)10
Octal to Decimal
Convert the octal number (365.48)8 to its decimal equivalent.
Solution: 365.48
= (3 x 82) + (6 x 81) + (5 x 80) + (4 x 8-1) + (8 x 8-2)
= 192 + 48+5+0.25+0.0625
= (245.3125)10
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Convert the hex number (4C8.2)16 to its decimal equivalent.
Solution:
= (4 x 162) + (12 x 161) + (8 x 160) + (2 x 16-1)
=1024.000+192.000+8.000+0.125 16-1 =0.0625 x 2=0.125
= (1224.125)10
 Decimal to Other Number System
The general procedure for conversion of a decimal number system to any other
system is given below:
Steps to Follow:
1. Note down the given Number. Divide the number by the base ‘r’ until there is
nothing left, noting the remainder from each step. List the remainder values in
reverse order from bottom to top to find the equivalent.
2. If the given decimal number consists a decimal point, then we have to first
separate out the integer and fractional part. Then convert them separately to the
desired radix and combine the converted parts to obtain the complete converted
number.
3. For Integer part:
Divide integer part of the decimal number by base ‘r’ and note down the
remainder, continue to divide the quotient until there is nothing left, noting the
remainder from each step. List the remainder values in reverse order from bottom to
Convert (105)10 to the equivalent binary number.

2 105 remainder
2 52 1

2 26 0
2 13 0
2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1

Binary number = 1101001

(105)10= (1101001)2
Convert (204)10 to the equivalent octal number.

8 204

8 25 4

8 3 1

0 3

Octal number = 314

(204)10 = (314)8
Convert (259)10 to the hexadecimal number.

16 259

16 16 3

16 1 0

0 1

Hexadecimal Number= (103)16

(259)10 = (103)16
Conversion from Decimal to Binary
Conversion from Decimal to Octal
Decimal to Other Number System
continue….
4. For Fractional part:
Multiply the fractional part of decimal number by the base ‘r’. Note down the
carry generated in the multiplication as MSD.
Now multiply only the fractional number of the product from previous step by the
base ‘r’ and note down the carry as the next bit to MSD.
Repeat above steps upto the end, the last carry represents LSD now list the values
from top to bottom to get converted number.
Convert (0.42)10 to the binary number.

0.42 x 2 = 0.84 0
0.84 x 2 = 1.68 1
0.68 x 2 = 1. 36 1
0.36 x 2 = 0.72 0
0.72 x 2 = 1.44 1

(0.42)10 = (0.01101) 2
Convert (0.8)10 to the binary number.

0.8 x 2 = 1.6 1
0.6 x 2 = 1.2 1
0.2 x 2 = 0.4 0
0.4 x 2 = 0.8 0
0.8 x 2 = 1.6 1

(0.8)10 = (0.11001) 2
Convert (0.6234)10 to the Octal number.

0.6234 x 8 = 4.9872 4
0.9872 x 8 = 7.8976 7
0.8976 x 8 = 7.1808 7
0.1808x 8 = 1.4464 1
0.4464 x 8 = 3.5712 3

(0.6234)10 = (0.47713) 8
Convert (0.122)10 to the Hexadecimal number.

0.122 x 16 = 1.952 1
0.952 x 16 = 15.232 15 F
0.232 x 16 = 3.712 3
0.712x 16 = 11.392 11 B
0.392x 16 = 6.272 6

(0.122)10 = (0.1F3B6) 16
Mixed Decimal to any other number system
• Convert (2003.31)10 to Hexadecimal Number
16 2003
2003. 31 16 125 3
16 7 13
Integer Fractional 0 7
7D3

0.31 x 16= 4.96

0.96 x 16= 15.36
Conversion from binary to Octal
Take binary number
Divide the binary digits into groups of three (starting from right) for
integer part and start from left for fraction part.
Convert each group of three binary digits to one octal digit.
• Convert binary number (11010010)2 to octal

Additional 0 to make group of three

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

3 2 2

22 21 20
Convert binary number to Hexadecimal

Take binary number

Divide the binary digits into groups of four (starting from right) for
integer part and start from left for fraction part.
Convert each group of four binary digits to one hexadecimal digit.
Convert binary number (1010111110110010)2 to Hexadecimal

23 22 21 20 23 22 21 20 23 22 21 20 23 22 21 20

1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

A F B 2
Examples
Convert binary number (110101)2 to decimal
Convert binary number (1101.0011)2 to hexadecimal
Convert binary number (00010001)2 to octal
Octal to Binary conversion
• Convert (364)8 to Binary

3 6 4
011 110 100

(364)8 = (011110100)2
• Convert (364.25)8 to Binary

. 2 5

. 010 101

(364.25)8 = (011110100. 010101)2

Hexadecimal to Binary
 Convert Each hex digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent
Combine the 4 bit sections by removing the spaces
Convert the hex number AFB2 to binary

A F B 2
1010 1111 1011 0010

 (AFB2)16= (1010111110110010)2
• Convert the hex number AB8C to binary

A B 8 C

23 22 21 20

1010 1011 1000 1100

Octal to hexadecimal
• Convert (376)8 to hexadecimal
3 7 6

Convert to binary
011 first 111 110

Binary is
0000 000011111110
1111 1110
0 F E
Conversion from Hexadecimal to Octal
• Convert hex number 4CA into octal

4 C A

0100 1100 1010

(4CA)16 = (010011001010)2
010011001010

2 3 1 2
(4CA) = (2312)
• Convert hex number 0.12E into octal
. 1 2 E

• Convert to binary first

. 0001 0010 1110

. 000100101110

0 4 5 6
(0.12E)16 = (0.0456)8
 22 21 20
Value 4 2 1
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
2 0 1 0
3 0 1 1
4 1 0 0
5 1 0 1
6 1 1 0
7 1 1 1
 Assignment no. 1
Convert
I. (6AC)16 = (?)10 = (?)2
II. (11001)2 = (?)10
III. (10101)2 = (?)8
IV. (37)8 = (?)2
V. (5AC)16 = (?)2
VI. (11001)2 = (?)10
Convert following number into its equivalent Binary Number (146.25)10
Convert the following numbers into Hexadecimal number.
(i) (10110111)2 = (?)16 (ii) (567)8 = (?)16
Convert following decimal to octal and Hexadecimal
i) (297)10 = ( )8
•THANK YOU