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IMS Programming2

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IMS Programming2

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IMS

Training
Objectives

To create awareness about the IMS DB technology and how it is used to perform data base
operations.

Target audience - people who are relatively new to IMS DB

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Course Outline

1. An Introduction to DL/I Data Bases

2. DL/I Programs and Control Blocks

3. COBOL Basics for Processing a DL/I Data Base

4. Segment Search Arguments : How to use them

5. Data retrieval from an IMS Data Base

6. Adding and Updating Data to a Data Base

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Module 1
An Introduction to DL/I Data
Bases

Hierarchical Structures
Why a Data Base Management System
Basic DL/I Terminology
Basic DL/I Data Base Processing

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Hierarchical Structures

A data base is a group of data elements organized to meet the requirements of one or more applications.

In a DL/I data base, data elements are organized in a hierarchical structure.

Some data elements are dependent on others.

Vendor

Item

Stock Location

Fig 1.1 A hierarchical structure

DL/I supports hierarchies that are difficult to implement with

standard files.

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Why a data base management system?
01 VENDOR-RECORD.
05 VR-VENDOR-CODE PIC X(3).
05 VR-VENDOR-NAME PIC X(30).
05 VR-VENDOR-ADDRESS PIC X(30).
05 VR-VENDOR-CITY PIC X(17).
05 VR-VENDOR-STATE PIC XX.
05 VR-VENDOR-ZIP-CODE PIC X(9).
05 VR-VENDOR-TELEPHONE PIC X(10).
05 VR-VENDOR-CONTACT PIC X(30).
Fig 1.2.a Record layout for the VENDORS data set
01 INVENTORY-RECORD.
05 IR-ITEM-KEY.
10 IR-VENDOR-CODE PIC X(3).
10 IR-NUMBER PIC X(5).
05 IR-DESCRIPTION PIC X(35).
05 IR-UNIT-PRICE PIC S9(5)V99 COMP-3.
05 IR-AVG-UNIT-COST PIC S9(5)V99 COMP-3.
05 IR-LOCATION-QUANTITY-DATA OCCURS 20 TIMES.
10 IR-LOCATION PIC X(3).
10 IR-QUANTITY-ON-HAND PIC S9(7) COMP-3.
10 IR-REORDER-POINT PIC S9(7) COMP-3.
10 IR-QUANTITY-ON-ORDER PIC S9(7) COMP-3.
10 IR-LAST-REORDER-DATE PIC X(6).
Fig 1.2.b Record layout for the Inventory Master data set
hierarchical structure Fig 1.2 Record layouts that illustrate a
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Basic DL/I Terminology

Segment
A grouping of data
The unit of data that DL/I transfers to and from your
program in an I/O operation.
Consists of one or more fields
ADDRESS
House Street City State Country Zip Code
Number Name

Fig 1.3 The ADDRESS segment with six fields

Segment Type
A category of data
There can be a maximum of 255 segment types and 15
levels in one data base
In the previous example there are three segment types,
Vendor, Item and Stock Location

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Basic DL/I Terminology (Contd.)

Segment Occurrence
One specific segment of a particular type containing user
data
Root Segment
The segment type at the top of a hierarchy

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Basic DL/I Terminology (Contd.)

*
01 INVENTORY-VENDOR-SEGMENT.
05 IVS-VENDOR-CODE PIC X(3).
05 IVS-VENDOR-NAME PIC X(30).
05 IVS-VENDOR-ADDRESS PIC X(30).
05 IVS-VENDOR-CITY PIC X (17).
05 IVS-VENDOR-STATE PIC XX.
05 IVS-VENDOR-ZIP-CODE PIC X(9).
05 IVS-VENDOR-TELEPHONE PIC X(10).
*
01 INVENTORY-ITEM-SEGMENT.
05 IIS-NUMBER PIC X(5).
05 IIS-DESCRIPTION PIC X(35).
05 IIS-UNIT-PRICE PIC S9(5)V99 COMP-3.
05 IIS-AVG-UNIT-COST PIC S9(5)V99 COMP-3.
*
01 INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT.
05 ISLS-LOCATION PIC X(3).
05 ISLS-QUANTITY-ON-HAND PIC S9(7) COMP-3.
05 ISLS-REORDER-POINT PIC S9(7) COMP-3.
05 ISLS-QUANTITY-ON-ORDER PIC S9(7) COMP-3.
*
Fig 1.5 Segment layouts for the Inventory data base
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Basic DL/I Terminology (contd.)

Data base record

Each occurrence of the root segment plus all the segment occurrences that are subordinate to it
make up one data base record

Every data base record has one and only one root segment, although it may have any number of
subordinate segment occurrences

Vendor 1 Vendor 2

Item 1
Item 2
Data base Record 2
Item 1

Loc 2 Loc 2
Data base Record 1
Loc 1 Loc 1

Loc 5
Loc 4
Loc 3
Loc 2
Loc 1

Fig 1.6 Two data base records from the Inventory data base

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Basic DL/I Terminology (contd.)

Dependent Segment

A segment other than the root segment in a data base record

Accessible only through one or more “parent” segments

Parent Segment

A segment that has one or more dependent segments

Child Segment

Every dependent segment in a hierarchy

Twin Segment

Two or more segment occurrences of the same type and with the same segment occurrence as
their parent

Path

Series of segments leading from the root segment occurrence down to any specific segment
occurrence

Must be continuous- intermediate levels can’t be skipped

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Basic DL/I Terminology (contd.)

Key or Sequence Field

The field DLI uses to maintain segments in ascending sequence

Only a single field within a segment

Segments need not necessarily require a key field

If in a root segment, key field uniquely identifies the record

Additional Search fields

Used to search through the DB for particular values

Max 255 search fields in a segment

Concatenated field

Key formed to access a particular segment

Concatenation of keys of root segment and all successive children down to the accessed
segment

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Basic DL/I Terminology (contd.)

Logical data bases

DL/I does not support multiple parent relationships in physical data bases. However, it allows you to define
logical data bases that combine two physical data bases

Customer

Ship-to
Vendor

Buyer Receivable Item

Stock Location
Payment Adjustment Line Item

Fig 1.7 A logical relationship can connect two data bases

In Fig 1.7, the line item segment is the logical child segment (or just logical child) of the item
segment.

Likewise, the item segment is the logical parent segment (or just logical parent) of the line item
segment

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Basic DL/I Data Base Processing

Sequential Processing

Top –> Down, Left -> Right

The first segment retrieved in a database record is the root segment.

Position

• At any point, a program has a position in the data base.

• Position reflects not only on retrieved segments, but on new segments inserted as well

Vendor 1 Vendor 2

Item 1
Item 2
Data base Record 2
Item 1

Loc 2 Loc 2
Data base Record 1
Loc 1 Loc 1

Loc 5
Loc 4
Loc 3
Loc 2
Loc 1

Fig 1.8 Sequential processing

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Basic DL/I Data Base Processing (contd.)
Random (Direct) Processing

Key (sequence) field required

Concatenated Key

• Completely identifies the path from the root segment to the segment you want to retrieve.

Vendor 1 Vendor 2

Item 1
Item 2
Data base Record 2
ItemKey:
Concatenated 1

Vendor 2
Loc 2 Loc 2
Item 1
Data base Record 1 Loc 1
Loc 1
Location 1

Loc 5
Loc 4
Loc 3
Loc 2
Loc 1

Fig 1.9 Random Processing

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Module 2
DL/I Programs and Control
Blocks
The IMS Software Environment
How DL/I relates to your application programs
Control Blocks
DBDGEN
PSBGEN
IMS Processing Options
ACB & ACBGEN
Running an application program under DL/I

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How DL/I relates
to your application programs (contd.)
Standard file processing

Standard COBOL statements (like READ / WRITE) invoke the appropriate access method (like
VSAM)

Format of the record as processed by the program should be the same as the format of the
record in the file

DL/I data base processing

DLI - Interface between application program and the access method

CALL statement to invoke DL/I

Parameters passed by the CALL tell DL/I what operation to perform

DL/I invokes a standard access method- usually VSAM- to store data base data on disk

Format of records in a data base data set need not match the layouts of the segments that
make up the data base

The way the program sees the data base is different from the way the access method sees it.

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Control Blocks

Physical structure of a DL/I data base isn’t specified in an application program

DL/I uses a set of control blocks(DBDs and PSBs) to define a data base’s structure

Data Base Descriptor (DBD)

Describes the complete structure of a data base

A unique DBD for each DL/I data base

Program Specification Block (PSB)

Application program’s view of the Database

PSB Specifies

• Data bases (one or more) a program can access,

• Data elements a program can “see” in those data bases

• The processing a program can do with the data elements

Application programs that have similar data base processing requirements can share a PSB

Data Base Administrator (DBA) has to create DL/I control blocks

DBDGEN and PSBGEN Control Statements

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SAMPLE DBDGEN (Explained in next slide)

STMT SOURCE STATEMENT

1 PRINT NOGEN
2 DBD NAME=INDBD,ACCESS=HIDAM
3 DATASET DD1=IN,DEVICE=3380
4 **/ 3380 DISK STORAGE
5 *
6 SEGM NAME=INVENSEG, PARENT=0,POINTER=TB,BYTES=131
7 LCHILD NAME=(INPXPNTR,INPXDBD),POINTER=INDX
8 FIELD NAME=(INVENCOD,SEQ),BYTES=3,START=1,TYPE=C
9 FIELD NAME=INVENNAM,BYTES=30,START=4,TYPE=C
10 FIELD NAME=INVENADR,BYTES=30,START=34,TYPE=C
11 FIELD NAME=INVENCIT,BYTES=17,START=64,TYPE=C
12 FIELD NAME=INVENSTA,BYTES=2,START=81,TYPE=C
13 FIELD NAME=INVENZIP,BYTES=9,START=83,TYPE=C
14 FIELD NAME=INVENTEL,BYTES=10,START=92,TYPE=C
15 FIELD NAME=INVENCON,BYTES=30,START=102,TYPE=C
16 *
17 SEGM NAME=INITMSEG,PARENT=INVENSEG,BYTES=48
18 FIELD NAME=(INITMNUM,SEQ),BYTES=5,START=1,TYPE=C
19 FIELD NAME=INITMDES,BYTES=35,START=6,TYPE=C
20 FIELD NAME=INITMPRC,BYTES=4,START=41,TYPE=P
21 FIELD NAME=INITMCST,BYTES=4,START=45,TYPE=P

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SAMPLE DBDGEN
(Contd..)
22 *
23 SEGM NAME=INLOCSEG, PARENT=INITMSEG,BYTES=21
24 FIELD NAME=(INLOCLOC,SEQ),BYTES=3,START=1,TYPE=C
25 FIELD NAME=INLOCONH,BYTES=4,START=4,TYPE=P
26 FIELD NAME=INLOCROP,BYTES=4,START=8,TYPE=P
27 FIELD NAME=INLOCONO,BYTES=4,START=12,TYPE=P
28 FIELD NAME=INLOCDAT,BYTES=6,START=16,TYPE=C
29 *
30 DBDGEN
72 **/***************************************************
73 **/ RECOMMENDED VSAM DEFINE CLUSTER PARAMETER
74 **/**************************************************
75 **/* *NOTE2
76 **/* DEFINE CLUSTER (NAME(IN) NONINDEXED -
77 **/* RECORDSIZE (2041,2041) -
78 **/* COUNTERINTERVALSIZE (2048))
79 **/* *NOTE2 - SHOULD SPECIFY DSNNAME FOR DD IN
80 **/********************************************
162 **/***********SEQUENCE FIELD*************
211 **/***********SEQUENCE FIELD*************
325 FINISH
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Presentation title
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20

Fig 2.3 Assembler source listing for the Inventory data base DBDGEN
DBDGEN (contd.)

FIELD macro defines a field in the DB

• START  position of field within segment

• NAME  name of the field

• LENGTH  length of the field

• TYPE  data type of the field

FIELD Macro TYPE Codes Data Type

C Character
P Packed decimal
Z Zoned decimal
X Hexadecimal
H Half word Binary
F Full word Binary
Fig 2.4 FIELD macro TYPE parameter codes

SEQ parameter specifies a sequence field

segment occurrences are added in sequence by values in these fields

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PSBGEN
PSB is the application program’s view of one or more data bases.

The following is a PSB which access only the vendor segment.

SAMPLE PSBGEN

1 PRINT NOGEN

2 PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=INDBD,PROCOPT=LS

3 SENSEG NAME=INVENSEG

4 SENSEG NAME=INITMSEG,PARENT=INVENSEG

5 SENSEG NAME=INLOCSEG,PARENT=INITMSEG

6 PSBGEN PSBNAME=INLOAD,LANG=COBOL

7 END

Fig 2.5 Assembler source listing for the Inventory data base load program’s PSBGEN

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PSBGEN (contd.)

DBDNAME parameter on the PCB macro specifies the name of the DBD

KEYLEN parameter specifies the length of the longest concatenated key the program can
process in the data base

PROCOPT parameter specifies the program’s processing options

For each PCB macro, subordinate SENSEG macros identify the sensitive segments in the data
base

Names specified in the SENSEG macros must be segment names from the DBDGEN for the data
base named in the DBDNAME parameter of the PCB macro

PSBGEN macro

• Indicates that there are no more statements in the PSBGEN job

• PSBNAME parameter specifies the name to be given to the output PSB module

• LANG parameter specifies the language in which the related application program will be written.

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IMS Processing Options

Indicates to IMS the type of access allowed for a sensitive segment (SENSEG)

Commonly used Processing Options

PROCOPT=G means only read-only access

PROCOPT=R means read/replace access

PROCOPT=I means insert access allowed

PROCOPT=D means Read/Delete access

PROCOPT=A means all the above options present

For GSAM DBs PROCOPT=LS for output and GS (Get Sequential) for input

PROCOPT=L allows a 'load' into the DB. If VSAM DB, it should be empty prior to the load

The PROCOPT given for a Sensitive segment would override the one given for the DB

Example : -

PCB TYPE=DB,NAME=LDB42F,PROCOPT=G,

KEYLEN=200 SENSEG NAME=SEGL4201,

PARENT=0,PROCOPT=A

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ACB & ACBGEN

ACB(Application Control Blocks)

It is created by merging and expanding PSB’s and DBD’s into an IMS internal format when an application
program is scheduled for execution.

ACBGEN

The process of building ACB is called Block Building and is done by means of ACBGEN.

IMS can build ACB’s either dynamically or it can prebuild them using ACB maintenance utility.

ACB’s cannot be prebuilt for GSAM DBD’s.

ACB’s can be prebuild for PSB’s that reference GSAM databases.

ACB’s save instruction, execution and direct-access wait time and improves performance in application
scheduling.

ACB’s are maintained in IMS.ACBLIB library.

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Module 3
COBOL Basics for Processing a
DL/I Data Base

The ENTRY and GO BACK Statements

The DL/I Call
The PCB Mask
DL/I Status codes

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ENTRY and
GO BACK Statements
ENTRY ‘DLITCBL’ USING PCB-name1
[PCB-name2...]
Fig 3.1 Format of the DL/I ENTRY Statement

Application program is invoked under the control of the batch initialization module

DLITCBL => ‘DL/I to COBOL’ is the entry point to the program

DL/I supplies the address of each PCB defined in the program’s PSB

PCBs must be defined in the Linkage Section

Linkage Section definition of a PCB is called a ‘PCB Mask’

Addressability to PCBs established by listing the PCB Masks on the ENTRY statement

PCB masks should be listed on the ENTRY statement in the same sequence as
they appear in your program’s PSBGEN
GO BACK Statement
When a program ends, it passes control back to the DL/I

DL/I reallocates resources and closes the data base data sets

Use GO BACK and not a STOP RUN statement

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The DL/I Call

CALL statements are used to request DL/I services

Parameters you code on the CALL statement specify, among other things, the operation you want DL/I to perform

CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING DLI-function

PCB-mask

segment-io-area

[segment-search-argument(s)]

Fig 3.2 Format of the DL/I call

CBLTDLI => ‘COBOL to DL/I’, is an interface module that is link edited with your program’s object module

PLITDLI, ASMTDLI are other options

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The DL/I Call (contd.)

The DL/I Function

First parameter coded on any DL/I call

Four character working storage field containing the function code

01 DLI-FUNCTIONS.

05 DLI-GU PIC X(4) VALUE ‘GU ’.

05 DLI-GHU PIC X(4) VALUE ‘GHU ’.

05 DLI-GN PIC X(4) VALUE ‘GN ’.

05 DLI-GHN PIC X(4) VALUE ‘GHN ’.

05 DLI-GNP PIC X(4) VALUE ‘GNP ’.

05 DLI-GHNP PIC X(4) VALUE ‘GHNP’.

05 DLI-ISRT PIC X(4) VALUE ‘ISRT’.

05 DLI-DLET PIC X(4) VALUE ‘DLET’.

05 DLI-REPL PIC X(4) VALUE ‘REPL’.

05 DLI-CHKP PIC X(4) VALUE ‘CHKP’.

05 DLI-XRST PIC X(4) VALUE ‘XRST’.

05 DLI-PCB PIC X(4) VALUE ‘PCB ’.

Fig 3.3 DL/I function codes

COBOL doesn’t allow coding literals in a CALL statement

To specify a DL/I function, one of the 05-level item is specified in a DL/I call.

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The DL/I Call (contd.)

Get functions

• First six 05-level items in Fig 3.3

• Used to retrieve segments from a DL/I data base

• GU  ‘get unique’ function causes DL/I to retrieve a specific segment occurrence based on field values
that you specify

• GN  ‘get next’ function used to retrieve segment occurrences in sequence

• GNP  ‘get next within parent’ function lets you retrieve segment occurrences in sequence, but only
subordinate to an established parent segment

• The three get function codes that contain an H are ‘get hold functions’ and are used to specify an intent
to update a segment after you retrieve it

• GHU or the ‘get hold unique’ function corresponds to GU

• GHN or the ‘get hold next’ function corresponds to GN

• GHNP or the ‘get hold next within parent’ function corresponds to GNP

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The DL/I Call (contd.)

Update functions

• Used to change data in the data base

• ISRT or the ‘insert’ function is used to add a new segment occurrence to a data base– whether it be
change an existing data base or to load a new one

• DLET or the ‘delete’ function is used to remove a segment from a data base

• REPL or the ‘replace’ function is used to replace a segment occurrence

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The DL/I Call (contd.)

Other functions

• Functions CHKP (the ‘checkpoint’ function) and XRST (the ‘restart’ function) are used in programs to
take advantage of IMS’s recovery and restart features

• Function PCB is used in CICS programs

• Function SYNC is used for releasing resources that IMS has locked for the program (applicable only in a
BMP)

• Function INIT allows an application to receive status codes

regarding deadlock and data availability (from DB PCBs)

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The DL/I Call (contd.)

PCB mask

Second parameter on the DL/I call

The name of the PCB mask defined in the program’s Linkage Section

ENTRY statement establishes a correspondence between PCB masks in the Linkage Section and
the PCBs within the program’s PSB

After each DL/I call, DL/I stores a status code in the PCB mask, which the programmer can use
to determine whether the call succeeded or failed

Segment I/O Area

Third parameter on the DL/I call

Name of the working storage field into which DL/I will return retrieved data or from which it
will get data for an update operation

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The DL/I Call (contd.)

Segment search argument

Optional parameter on the DL/I call

Identifies the segment occurrence you wish to access

Multiple SSAs on a single DL/I call

Two kinds of SSAs– unqualified and qualified

An unqualified SSA

• Supplies the name of the next segment type that you want to operate on

• If you issue a GN call with an unqualified SSA, DL/I will return the next occurrence of the segment type
you specify

A qualified SSA

• Combines a segment name with additional information that specifies the segment occurrence to be
processed

• A GU call with a qualified SSA might request a particular occurrence of a named segment type by
providing a key value

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The PCB Mask

For each data base your program accesses, DL/I maintains an area of storage called the program communication block (PCB)

Masks are defined for those areas of storage in the Linkage Section of your program

01 INVENTORY-PCB-MASK.

05 IPCB-DBD-NAME PIC X(8).

05 IPCB-SEGMENT-LEVEL PIC XX.

05 IPCB-STATUS-CODE PIC XX.

05 IPCB-PROC-OPTIONS PIC X(4).

05 FILLER PIC S9(5) COMP.

05 IPCB-SEGMENT-NAME PIC X(8).

05 IPCB-KEY-LENGTH PIC S9(5) COMP.

05 IPCB-NUMB-SENS-SEGS PIC S9(5) COMP.

05 IPCB-KEY PIC X(11).

Fig 3.4 PCB mask for an Inventory data base

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The PCB Mask (contd.)

Data base name

The name of the data base being processed

Segment level

Specifies the current segment level in the data base

After a successful call, DL/I stores the level of the segment just processed in this field

Status code

Contains the DL/I status code

When DL/I successfully completes the processing you request in a call, it indicates that to your
program by moving spaces to the status code field in the PCB

If a call is unsuccessful or raises some condition that isn’t normal, DL/I moves some non-blank
value to the status code field

It is good programming practice to evaluate the status code after you issue a DL/I call

Processing options (would be elaborated later)

Indicates the processing a program is allowed to do on the data base

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The PCB Mask (contd.)

Segment name feedback area

The name of the segment is stored by DL/I in this field after each DL/I call.

Key length feedback area

The field DL/I uses to report the length of the concatenated key of the lowest level segment
processed during the previous call

Used with the key feedback area

Number of sensitive segments

Contains the number of SENSEG macros subordinate to the PCB macro for this data base

Key feedback area

Varies in length from one PCB to another

As long as the longest possible concatenated key that can be used with the program’s view of
the data base

After a data base operation, DL/I returns the concatenated key of he lowest level segment
processed in this field, and it returns the key’s length in the key length feedback area

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Report Preparation Program

An inventory availability report

One report line will be printed for each item segment occurrence in the data base

Each report line contains five items.

Prepare inventory 000

availability report

Process inventory 100

segment

Get inventory segment Print report line 120

110
150
130
Print report heading Write report line
140
Write page-top line Write report line 150

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Report Program

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Report Pgm (Contd.)

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Report Pgm (Contd.)

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Report Pgm (Contd.)

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Report Pgm (Contd.)

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Report Pgm (Contd.)

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Report Pgm (Contd.)

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Module 4
Segment Search Arguments
Types of SSAs
Basic Unqualified SSA
Basic Qualified SSA
Command Codes
The Null Command Code
Path Call
Multiple Qualifications

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Types of SSAs

SSA identifies the segment occurrence you want to access

It can be either

Qualified

Unqualified

An unqualified SSA simply names the type of segment you want to use

A qualified SSA specifies not only the segment type, but also a specific occurrence of it

Includes a field value DL/I uses to search for the segment you request

Any field to which the program is sensitive to can be used in an SSA

Because of the hierarchical structure DL/I uses, you often have to specify several levels of SSAs to access
a segment at a low level in a data base

You can code as many SSAs on a single call as you need

You can combine qualified and unqualified SSAs on a single call

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Basic Unqualified SSA

01 UNQUALIFIED-SSA.

05 UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME PIC X(8).

05 FILLER PIC X VALUE SPACE.

*
Fig 4.1 A basic unqualified SSA

A basic unqualified SSA is 9 bytes long

The first eight bytes contain the name of the segment you want to process

If the segment name is less than eight characters long, you must pad it on the right with blanks

The ninth position of a basic unqualified SSA always contains a blank

The DL/I uses the value in position 9 to decide what kind of SSA you are providing

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Basic Unqualified SSA (contd.)

To access a particular segment type, you must modify the segment name during program
execution, by moving an appropriate eight-character segment name to the field UNQUAL-SSA-
SEGMENT-NAME

For example,

MOVE ‘INVENSEG’ TO UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME

MOVE ‘INITMSEG’ TO UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME

Alternatively, you can code the segment name as a literal when you define a qualified SSA

For example,

01 UNQUAL-VENDOR-SSA PIC X(9) VALUE ‘INVENSEG ’.

01 UNQUAL-ITEM-SSA PIC X(9) VALUE ‘INITMSEG ’.

01 UNQUAL-STOCK-LOC-SSA PIC X(9) VALUE ‘INVENSEG ’.

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Program using Unqualified SSA

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Program (contd.)

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Program (contd.)

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Program (contd.)

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Program (contd.)

MOVE REPORT-LINE TO PRTOUT-RECORD.

PERFORM 150-WRITE-REPOR-LINE.
ADD 1 TO LINE-COUNT.
MOVE 1 TO SPACE-CONTROL.

130-PRINT-REPORT-HEADING.
ADD 1 TO PAGE-COUNT.
MOVE PAGE-COUNT TO HL1-PAGE.
MOVE HEADING-LINE-1 TO PRTOUT-RECORD.
PERFORM 140-WRITE-PAGE-TOP-LINE.
MOVE 2 TO SPACE-CONTROL.

140-WRITE-PAGE-TOP-LINE.
WRITE PRTOUT-RECORD AFTER ADVANCING PAGE.
150-WRITE-REPORT-LINE.
WRITE PRTOUT-RECORD AFTER SPACE-CONTROL LINES.

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Basic Qualified SSA

Fig 4.2 A basic qualified SSA

A qualified SSA lets you specify a particular segment occurrence based on a

condition that a field within the segment must meet

The first eight characters of a basic qualified SSA is the eight character segment
name

The ninth byte is a left parenthesis

Immediately following the left parenthesis in positions 10 through 17 is an eight

character field name
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Basic Qualified SSA (contd.)

After the field name, in positions 18 and 19, you code a two-character relational operator to indicate the
kind of checking DL/I should do on the field in the segment

The qualified SSA relational operators are shown below

(  stands for a single blank space)

Equal to EQ = =

Not equal to NE <>

Greater Than GT > >

Greater than or Equal to GE >= =>

Less Than LT < <

Less than or Equal to LE <= =<

After the relational operator, you code a variable field into which you move the search value you want to
use for the call

The length of the search value field can vary depending on the size of the field in the segment– it is the
only part of a basic qualified SSA that doesn’t have a fixed length

The last character in the qualified SSA is a right parenthesis

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Command Codes

Fig 4.3 Unqualified SSA format with a single command code

Fig 4.4 Qualified SSA format with a single command code

Command are used in SSAs for three purposes

To extend DL/I functionality

To simplify programs by reducing the number of DL/I calls

For performance improvement resulting from the reduced number of DL/I calls
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Command Codes (contd.)

To use command codes, code an asterisk in position 9 of the SSA

Then code your command codes starting from position 10.

When DL/I finds an asterisk in position 9, it knows command codes will follow

From position 10 onwards, DL/I considers all characters to be command codes until it encounters a space (for an
unqualified SSA) or a left parenthesis (for a qualified SSA)

It is unusual to use more than one command code in a single SSA

A basic unqualified SSA with a single variable command code is shown below

01 UNQUALIFIED-SSA.
*
05 UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME PIC X(8).
05 FILLER PIC X VALUE “*”.
05 UNQUAL-SSA-COMMAND-CODE PIC X.
05 FILLER PIC X VALUE SPACE.
*

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Command Codes (contd.)

Command Code Meaning

C Concatenated Key
D Path Call
F First Occurrence
L Last Occurrence
N Path Call Ignore
P Set Parentage
Q Enqueue Segment
U Maintain position at this level

V Maintain position at this and all

superior levels

– Null command code

Fig 4.5 SSA Command Codes

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The Null Command Code

Value is a hyphen (–)

Although command code position is present, DL/I ignores it

Particularly useful if you would like to use the same SSA with and without command codes

An SSA with the null command code is shown below

01 UNQUALIFIED-SSA.

05 UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME PIC X(8).

05 FILLER PIC X VALUE “*”.

05 UNQUAL-SSA-COMMAND-CODE PIC X VALUE “-”.

05 FILLER PIC X VALUE SPACE.

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Path Call

A DB call with an SSA that includes the 'D' Command code is a "PATH CALL“ . It’s a facility
where in we can retrieve an entire path of the segment

Consider a sample GU call

CALL 'CBLTDLI' USING DLI-GU
INVEN-PCB-MASK
INVEN-STOCK-LOC-SEG
VENDOR-SSA
ITEM-SSA
STOCK-LOC-SSA

Normally, DL/I operates on the lowest level segment that is specified in an

SSA(STOCK-LOC-SSA in the above E.g.)

In case if we need data from not just from the lowest level but from other levels as well we
normally have to give 3 separate GU calls.This will reduce the efficiency of the program

Such a call operates on two or more segments rather than just one segment.

If a program has to use "Path call" then "P" should be one of the values specified in the
PROCOPT parameter of the PCB in the programs PSBGEN.

If path call isMember

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Multiple Qualifications

There are two cases in which you would use multiple qualification
When you want to process a segment based on the contents of two or more fields within it

When you want to process a segment based on a range of possible values for a single field

To use multiple qualification, you connect two or more qualification statements (a field name, a
relational operator, and a comparison value) within the parentheses of the SSA.

To connect them, you use the Boolean operators AND and OR

Either of the two symbols shown in the table below may be used for AND or OR

The independent AND operator is used for special operations with secondary indexes and will be
discussed later

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Multiple Qualifications (contd.)

The above SSA, which uses multiple qualifications can be used to retrieve
vendor segments whose vendor codes fall within a certain range

The first qualification statement specifies that the vendor code field
must be greater than or equal to a particular value; that is the low end
of the range

The second qualification statement specifies that the vendor code field
must be less than or equal to a particular value; that is the high end of
the range

To retrieve segments that fall within this range, you would first move
values for low and high ends of the range to VENDOR-SSA-LOW-CODE
and VENDOR-SSA-HIGH-CODE

Then you would execute GN calls that include VENDOR-SSA

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Module 5
Retrieving Data from a Data
Base

The GU Call
The GN Call
The GNP Call
Status Codes Expected during Sequential Processing
Using Command Codes with Retrieval Calls
Multiple Processing

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The GU Call
Used for random processing

Applications of random processing

When a relatively small number of updates are posted to a large data

base

To establish position in a data base for subsequent sequential retrieval

You know what data you want to retrieve and you want to get to it directly

Independent of the position established by the previous calls

A typical GU call like the one above, wherein a complete set of qualified SSAs to
retrieve a segment, includes one for each level in the hierarchical path to the
segment you want to retrieve is called a ‘fully qualified call’

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The GU Call (contd.)
Usually, GU processing is based on sequence (key) fields with unique values

However, for some applications you may find it necessary to either

Access a segment whose sequence field allows non-unique values

Access a segment based on a field that is not the segment’s key field

In the above cases, DL/I returns the first segment occurrence with the specified search value

Special considerations for GU calls without a full set of qualified SSAs

1. When you use an unqualified SSA in a GU call, DL/I accesses the first segment occurrence in
the data base that meets the criteria you specify

2. If you issue a GU call without any SSAs, DL/I returns the first occurrence of the root segment
in the data base

3. If you omit some SSAs for intermediate levels in a hierarchical path, the action DL/I takes
depends on your current position and on the SSAs that are missing

• DL/I either uses the established position or defaults to an unqualified SSA for the segment

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The GU Call (contd.)

Recommended style of coding

Code a qualified or unqualified SSA for each level in the path from the
root segment to the segment you want to retrieve

Status codes you can expect during random processing with GU calls

Only two status code values need to be considered– spaces and GE

Spaces means the call was successful and the requested segment
was returned in your program’s segment I/O area

A GE status code indicates that DL/I couldn’t find a segment that met
the criteria you specified in the call

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The GN Call
CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING DLI-GN

INVENTORY-PCB-MASK

INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT

STOCK-LOCATION-SSA.

Used for basic sequential processing

After any successful data base call, your data base position is immediately before the next segment occurrence in
the normal hierarchical sequence

Before your program issues any calls, position is before the root segment of the first data base record

The GN call moves forward through the data base from the position established by the previous call

If a GN call is unqualified (that is, if it does not employ an SSA), it returns the next segment occurrence in the
data base regardless of type, in hierarchical sequence

If a GN call includes SSAs– qualified or unqualified– DL/I retrieves only segments that meet requirements of all
SSAs you specify

If you include an unqualified SSA or omit an SSA altogether for a segment type, DL/I allows any occurrence of
that segment type to satisfy the call

But when you specify a qualified SSA, DL/I selects only those segment occurrences that meet the criteria you
specify

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The GNP Call
CALL ‘CBLTDLI’ USING DLI-GNP

INVENTORY-PCB-MASK

INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT

UNQUALIFIED-SSA.

Used for sequential processing within parentage

Works like the GN call, except it retrieves only segments that are subordinate to the currently established
parent

To establish parentage, your program MUST issue either a GU call or a GN call, and the call must be
successful

Parentage is never automatically established, in spite of the hierarchical structure of the data base

The segment returned by the call becomes the established parent

Subsequent GNP calls return only segment occurrences that are dependent on that parent

When there are no more segments within the established parentage DL/I returns GE as the status code

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The GNP Call (contd.)

Vendor 1

Item 2

Established  Item 1
Parent

Loc 2
Loc 1
Established
 Parent
Loc 5 Vendor 1
Loc 4
Loc 3
Loc 2 Item 2

Loc 1
Item 1

Loc 2
Loc 1
Fig 5.1 Sequential retrieval with GNP call
Loc 5
Loc 4
Loc 3
Loc 2
Loc 1
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Status Codes you can expect during
Sequential Processing

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Reporting Program

A complex reporting program:

Report specifications:

For each selected item segment occurrence in the inventory database

•Print a group of report lines that contain one line for each subordinate location segment
occurrence and a total line for all locations. Use a single report line for both.

•An item should be selected for the report only if one or more of its subordinate locations’
available stock is less than the reorder point.

•Each report line for a location should show the location’s code, quantity on hand, quantity on
order, available stock (the sum of the quantity on hand and quantity on order) and reorder
point.

•For each location, if the available stock is less than or equal to the reorder point, the program
should print an asterisk in column 109; otherwise, column 109 is left as space.

•The first report line in each group should contain the item number and the description,
subsequent lines should not.

•The total lines for each item should specify the total available stock and the total reorder point
for stock at all locations.

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Program