ENDATA130

HANDOUTS 1

Prepared by: Y.E. Fernandez

 TOPIC COVERAGE

• Class Details, Guidelines and Requirements

• Timeline of Topic Coverage
• Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis
 LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• At the end of the discussion and presentations, the student should be able to
• Identify policies, guidelines and requirements for the class;
• Discover the topic contents and timeline of class activities;
• Distinguish the relevant terminologies for data analysis; and
• Summarize the introductory concepts in the presentation.
 CLASS DETAILS AND REQUIREMENTS

• Class Schedule: Whole Semester

Monday 1pm – 4pm
3 hours per week for the whole semester
• Grading Periods
Prelims = Phase 1 Schedule= Jan 24 – Mar 5
Midterms = Phase 2 Schedule = Mar 8 – April 22
Finals = Phase 3 Schedule = April 25 – June 3
• Grading System, Textbook and References:
Refer to Syllabus
 CLASS DETAILS AND
REQUIREMENTS
• Class meetings thru video conferencing:
To be done usually through MS Teams Meetings
corresponding to the class schedule.

• Notifications and Announcements:

Through Teams class account or alternatively through
Messenger gc.
 CLASS DETAILS AND
REQUIREMENTS
 Requirements and Submission:
1.) Attend classes through video conferencing in MS Teams.
2.) Worksheets as seatwork or assignment will be required and
channeled thru MS Teams ENDATA130 class account.
3.) Two Long Quizzes per grading period will be scheduled.
4.) Major departmentalized examination will be given in the
three grading periods:
Prelim Exam, Midterm Exam and Finals Exam.
NOTE: Finals Examination is Comprehensive!
PROJECT PER GRADING PERIOD

• Video production showing yourself solving problem application

for topics discussed in the Grading Period.
a.) The video format should be in mp4 file.
b.) Contents of the video should be comparable to doing class
board work of solving problem.
c.) There should be two (2) problems to be solved and
presented in two (2) separate videos good up to a maximum of 5
minutes per video.
Due Date for Submission: Friday after the Examination Week.
 SOME CLASS POLICIES

1.) Video-on during prayer time at the start of the class.

2.) No special submissions for missed worksheets, assignments and other
tasks assigned that are given several days for submission with prior notice.
3.) Special quizzes will be given when a letter request with reason for
missing the quiz is submitted to me.
4.) Special examination will be given by requesting application for special
examination with the Dean of the College thru the College secretary.
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING
DATA ANALYSIS

• Introductory Topics for Discussion

1. Introduction to Engineering Data Analysis.
1.1 Kinds of Statistical Variables
1.2 Levels or Scales of Measurement
1.3 Population and Sample
1.4 Sample size Determination
1.5 Sampling Process
 THE NEED FOR DATA
ANALYSIS:
• All Engineering profession involves experimental tasks in
areas of interest that concerns itself with quantitative
studies of the phenomena of interest, i.e. (that is),
conducting measurements.

• In addition to designing and carrying out the experiment,

an important task is the accurate evaluation and complete
exploitation of the data obtained from the measurements
conducted or from available existing data (this is DATA
ANALYSIS).
 SAMPLE SITUATIONS AND
SCENARIOS INVOLVING THE NEED
FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Sample 1. A study is made on the effect to the weight of laboratory animals under the
influence of various drugs.
After the application of drug A to 25 animals, an average increase of 5% is observed.
Drug B, used on 10 animals, yields a 3% increase.

Is drug A more effective? The averages 5 and 3% give practically no answer to this
question, since the lower value may have been caused by a single animal that lost weight
for some unrelated reason.

One must therefore study the distribution of individual weights and their spread around
the average value. Moreover, one has to decide whether the number of test animals used
will enable one to differentiate with a certain accuracy between the effects of the two
drugs.
 SAMPLE SITUATIONS AND
SCENARIOS INVOLVING THE NEED
FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Sample 2: A mechanical engineer as the plant supervisor of a
processing company needs to know the man-hour requirements,
supplies needed and the total time for repair and maintenance
during offseason or shutdown repair and maintenance.

Data from last year’s operation are available. How will the
mechanical engineer decide for the projections on the
requirements for upcoming repair and maintenance?
 SAMPLE SITUATIONS AND
SCENARIOS INVOLVING THE NEED
FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Sample 3: A contractor of a Construction Firm needs to conduct
materials testing of concrete hollow blocks, steel rods and bars for
its construction project.

The materials’ testing methods are usually destructive tests.

The contractor-engineer needs to determine the number of samples
to be tested so that results of the tests will be used as an indicator
of the properties of the volume of materials to be purchased.
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS

• The field of data analysis can be called engineering analytics or

applied mathematical statistics.
• Engineering Data Analysis – involves basic statistical
techniques, probability, risk analysis, and predictive modeling,
and how they impact engineering and manufacturing activities
in both analytical and forward-looking activities (refer to
projections, forecasting or estimations).
 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1) Statistics - assumes a dual meaning
a. In Singular Form;
Statistics is a science which deals with the
collection, organization, presentation,
analysis, inferences and interpretation of data.

b. In plural Form;
Statistics refer to measures or data obtained from studying the
population or sample.
 STATISTICS DEFINED:
Descriptive
Statistical Study
Statistical Study
(singular)
Inferential
Statistical Study
Statistics
(dual meaning)
Qualitative Data
Statistical Data
(plural)
Quantitative Data
 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
2) Statistical Variables – a characteristic/attribute/ property which
tend to vary from one element
to another in a population or sample and can be measured in
terms of categories, names or numerical values.
- simply refers to characteristics or properties of measurable
quantities.
3) Population – any complete set of people, objects or
observations (events) being studied and having a characteristic.
4) Sample – a representative portion or subset/ subgroup of a
population.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS:

5) Statistical Data or statistics – refers to non-numeric

(names, categories, codes) or numerical values of a
statistical variable.

6) Data set/ Data File – a collection of data values.

7) Data value or datum or element - a specific value in a

data set.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
8) Probability - refers to the chance for an occurrence
of an event. A tool used in Inferential Statistics.
9) Hypothesis – a tentative statement used as an
explanation of an observed event. A conjecture
about a population parameter. This
conjecture may or may not be true and must be
tested.
10)Hypothesis-Testing – a decision-making process
for evaluating claims about a population.
 BRANCHES OR KINDS OF
STATISTICS OR STATISTICAL STUDY

A. Descriptive Statistics or Parametric Statistics - involves

describing a situation for a given population or sample.
- consists of the collection, organization, summarization
and presentation of data.
- describes the behavior of the sample or population.
 BRANCHES OR KINDS OF
STATISTICS OR STATISTICAL STUDY
B. Inferential Statistics or non-Parametric Statistics -
involves making inferences or generalizations or
predictions from samples to populations.
- consist of generalizing from samples to populations,
performing hypothesis-testing,
determining relationships among variables and making
predictions or decisions.
- uses principles in probability to arrive to inferences,
generalizations or predictions from sample to population.
 COMPARATIVE FEATURES OF DESCRIPTIVE AND
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Features Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

1.) Main To describe the characteristics of a Aims to establish a generalization or
population or sample based on inference from the observed
objective collected data. behavior of a sample in relation to
Aims to describe the behavior of the the overall behavior of the
population or sample with respect to population.
a given parameter. Establishes predictions from sample
NOTE: Statistical Variable if for to population.
population is also known as
“Parameter”
2.) Tasks a.) Data sampling and a.) Determining relationships
collection. between sample to population.
Involved b.) Data organization and b.) Conducting hypothesis-testing.
presentation. c.) making predictions, inference
c.) Data description/summarization and generalizations from sample to
population usually using principles
of probability.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF STATISTICAL VARIABLES
(REFERS TO CHARACTERISTICS BEING STUDIED/MEASURED)

I. According to the data obtained when measured

1.) Qualitative Variables - assumes distinct categories, according to some
characteristics or attribute.
- variables which assume non-numeric data
Ex: Religious Affiliation, gender, educational attainment, attitude scale or
Likert scale.
 Classifications of Statistical Variables (refers to characteristics
being studied/measured)

2.) Quantitative Variables – assume numerical values and can be ordered or

ranked.
• May be further classified as

• According to their nature:

a.) Discrete Quantitative Variables – assume values that are counted. Refers
to variables that are countable and cannot assume all values between any two
specific values.
Ex: No. of Children in the family, No. of calls per day, Population in a locality.
b.) Continuous Quantitative Variables - assume all values between any two
specific values. They are obtained by measurement.
Ex: Temperature, gasoline mileage, family income
Classifications of Statistical Variables (refers to characteristics
being studied/measured)

II. According to the measurement used to obtain its data:

Levels or Scales of Measurements - refer to how the data of a variable is

categorized, counted or measured.
 LEVELS OR SCALES OF MEASUREMENT OF
STATISTICAL VARIABLES OR DATA:

• 1.) Nominal Scale/level - classifies data into names or

categories that are mutually exclusive, exhaustive but NON-
RANKABLE.
Ex: gender, nationality, plate number, civil status

• 2.) Ordinal level – classifies data into names or categories that

are rankable although precise difference between ranks may not
exist.
Ex: educational attainment, attitude scale(Likert’s Scale) ,
ranking system
 LEVELS OR SCALES OF MEASUREMENT OF
STATISTICAL VARIABLES OR DATA:

• 3.) Interval Level – classifies data into numerical values

and precise units of measure exist but does not assume a
value of zero (zero has no meaning for the variable
measured)
Ex: Grade point average, temperature, IQ
 LEVELS OR SCALES OF MEASUREMENT OF
STATISTICAL VARIABLES OR DATA:

• 4.) Ratio Interval Level or Ratio Level – classifies data into

numerical values with same characteristics as interval level
except that a true zero exists or has meaning for the given
variable.
Ex: no. of children, monthly income, gasoline consumption.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF STATISTICAL VARIABLES (REFERS TO CHARACTERISTICS BEING
STUDIED/MEASURED)

Qualitative Variable
According to the data obtained
when measured
Quantitative Variable

Statistical Nominal Scale

Variables
Classification
Ordinal Scale

According to the measurement used

to obtain its data Interval Scale
(Levels or Scales of Measurement)

Ratio Interval or Ratio

Scale
 CLASSIFICATION OF STATISTICAL
DATA OBTAINED FOR A GIVEN
STATISTICAL VARIABLE
Nominal Scale
Non-Numeric Data
(names, categories or codes)
Ordinal Scale

Statistical Data
Classification
Interval Scale

Numeric Data

Ratio Interval or
Ratio Scale
 SPECIFIC TO QUALITATIVE
VARIABLES

Nominal Scale

Non-numeric Data
Qualitative
Variable (Names, Categories,
Codes)
Ordinal Scale
 SPECIFIC TO QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLES
Numeric Data Discrete Data

Continuous
Data
Quantitative
Variable
Interval Scale

Numeric Data
Ratio interval
or Ratio Scale
 EXERCISE 1:
Determine if the variable is Qualitative or Quantitative:
1.) Engineering course majoring
2.) Daily internet data expense
3.) Student’s ID number
4.) Educational Attainment
5.) Weight
6.) Total Pay Units enrolled for 2nd Sem, AY 2020-2021
7.) Number of bags of cement needed for the foundation of
a 12-storey building with a floor area of 100m 2
8.) Number of service hours of a solar-powered electric fan
 EXERCISE 1:
Determine if the variable is Qualitative or Quantitative:
1.) Engineering course majoring = QL
2.) Daily internet data expense = QN
3.) Student’s ID number = QL (not meant amount but only as
code)
4.) Educational Attainment = QL
5.) Weight = QN
6.) Total Pay Units enrolled for 2nd Sem, AY 2020-2021 = QN
7.) Number of bags of cement needed for the foundation of a 12-
storey building with a floor area of 100m2 = QN
8.) Number of service hours of a solar-powered electric fan QN
 EXERCISE 2:
Determine the Scale or Level of Measurement used for obtaining the data of the
following variables. Answer N = if nominal, O = if Ordinal. I = if interval, R
= if ratio :
1.) Engineering course majoring = N
2.) Daily internet data expense = R
3.) Student’s ID number = N
4.) Educational Attainment = O
5.) Weight = I
6.) Total Pay Units enrolled for 2nd Sem, AY 2020-2021 = R
7.) Number of bags of cement needed for the foundation of a 12-storey building
with a floor area of 100m2 = R
8.) Number of service hours of a solar-powered electric fan = R
 EXERCISE 2:
Determine the Scale or Level of Measurement used for obtaining the data of the
following variables. Answer N = if nominal, O = if Ordinal. I = if interval, R
= if ratio :
1.) Engineering course majoring
2.) Daily internet data expense
3.) Student’s ID number
4.) Educational Attainment
5.) Weight
6.) Total Pay Units enrolled for 2nd Sem, AY 2020-2021
7.) Number of bags of cement needed for the foundation of a 12-storey building
with a floor area of 100m2
8.) Number of service hours of a solar-powered electric fan
 EXERCISE 3:
Determine if the numerical data obtained is discrete or
continuous:
1.) Daily internet data expense
2.) Weight
3.) Total Pay Units enrolled for 2nd Sem, AY 2022-2023
4.) Number of bags of cement purchased for the foundation
of a 12-storey building with a floor area of 100m2
5.) Number of children in the family
 EXERCISE 3:
Determine if the numerical data obtained is discrete or
continuous:
1.) Daily internet data expense = C
2.) Weight = C
3.) Total Pay Units enrolled for 2nd Sem, AY 2020-2021 = D
4.) Number of bags of cement purchased for the foundation
of a 12-storey building with a floor area of 100m2 = D
5.) Number of children in the family = D
WHY IS LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT IMPORTANT?

• 1.) The level of measurement helps one decide how to interpret

the data for a given variable. When you know that a measure is
nominal (like the one just described), then you know that the
numerical values are just short codes for the longer names.
• 2.) Knowing the level of measurement helps one decide what
statistical analysis is appropriate on the values that were
assigned. If a measure is nominal, then you know that you
would never average the data values or do a t-test on the data.
 WHY IS LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT IMPORTANT?

It's important to recognize that there

is a hierarchy implied in the level of
measurement idea. At lower levels of
measurement, assumptions tend to
be less restrictive and data analyses
tend to be less sensitive. At each
level up the hierarchy, the current
level includes all of the qualities of
the one below it and adds something
new. In general, it is desirable to
have a higher level of measurement
(e.g., interval or ratio) rather than a
lower one (nominal or ordinal).
 CONDUCTING RESEARCH OR
STATISTICAL STUDY OR SOLVING
ENGINEERING OR TECHNICAL PROBLEMS

May be done or applied to

1) Population Study = if resources and time will allow

2) Sample Study
 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Determination of Sample Size
- Can be done using several available sample size formula.
- The simplest formula for solving sample size is the “Sloven Formula”

The Sloven Formula:

Where: N = population size

n = sample size
e = level of significance = allowable fraction of error
commonly used values:
e = 0.10 (for 10% allowable error)
e = 0.05 (for 5% allowable error)
e = 0.01 ( for 1% allowable error)
 SAMPLING
PROCESS/PROCEDURE:
- is the process of selecting units (e.g., people,
organizations, objects or events) from a population of
interest to be included in the sample so that by studying
the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to
the population from which they were chosen.

NOTE: Study is conducted on the sample and not on the

population only when the population has number of
elements that is impossible for the researcher to study or
cover.
 KINDS OF SAMPLING
PROCESS/PROCEDURE
• 1.) Probability Sampling or Random Sampling - every
element in a population is given an equal chance to be
included in the sample.
- applicable when a complete master list of all
elements in the population is available.

• 2.) Non-Probability Sampling - not every element in the

population is given an equal chance to be included in the
sample.
- applicable when no master list of all elements in
the population is available.
 TYPES OF SAMPLING
PROCESS/PROCEDURE
 A. PROBABILITY OR
RANDOM SAMPLING -
1) Simple Lottery or Simple Random Sampling
• without replacement
• with replacement
• Random Sampling using Table of Random numbers
2) Systematic Sampling – each element in the population is
numbered and a sampling interval, k is chosen. The sample
is chosen every kth element in the population beginning with
a random start.
 PROBABILITY OR RANDOM
SAMPLING (CONT’D)
3) Stratified Sampling – applicable when the population is classified
into different groups or strata according to some characteristics that
is important to the study. A proportional allocation of the number of
elements in each stratum or group is included in the sample.

4) Cluster or Area Sampling – elements in the sample is chosen from

intact group or clusters that is representative of the population.

5) Multistage Sampling - elements from various levels of categories in

the population is chosen such as according to provinces, regions,
cities.
 B. NON-PROBABILITY OR
JUDGMENT SAMPLING
1) Accidental Sampling
2) Quota Sampling
3) Purposive Sampling – choosing the sample according to
criteria determined by the research objectives.
4) Panel - choice of 24 respondents
 EXERCISE 4:
Proposed or recommend a sampling method used in the
following: Answer P = if probability sampling and N = non-
probability sampling
1.) Study of the course majoring preference of SHS of Bacolod
City
2.) Selecting 20 concrete hollow blocks for testing of
mechanical properties from a supplier
3.) Study on the hours spent by Senior citizens in reading a book.
4.) Combined Monthly income of a Filipino family
 EXERCISE 4:
Proposed or recommend a sampling method used in the
following: Answer P = if probability sampling and N = non-
probability sampling
1.) Study of the course majoring preference of SHS of Bacolod
City = P
2.) Selecting 20 concrete hollow blocks for testing of
mechanical properties from a supplier = N
3.) Study on the hours spent by Senior citizens in reading a book.
=P
4.) Combined Monthly income of a Filipino family = P or N