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Endogenic Processes

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Endogenic

Processess
A PowerPoint Template
The activities or forces in
the interior of the
earth(beneath the Earth)
Which result in reshaping
of Earth’s landforms.
The most familiar examples of
endogenic processes are
volcanism,
metamorphism,
earthquakes, crustal
warping, folding, and
faulting
Volcanism is the eruption
of molten rock from
inside the Earth to the
surface. Volcanism occurs
because of Earth's internal
heat, and is associated with
tectonic processes and a
part of the rock cycle.
Volcanic eruptions occur
when molten lava reaches
the surface of the Earth.
Metamorphism is
the transformation
of existing rock to
rock with a
different mineral
composition or
texture.
depression
A landform sunken or
depressed below the
surrounding area.
Uplift
Vertical elevation of the
Earth’s surface in response
to natural causes.
FAULTS
A fault or fault line is a planar
fracture in rock in which the rock
on one side of the fracture has
moved with respect to the rock on
the other side.
diastrophism
The movement of crustal
plates which deform & alter the
surface of the earth.
Geological process that forms
structures such as mountains,
valleys & plateaus.
Copyright 2009 11
magmatism
•Geological process by which
magma is produced by partial
melting of subsurface rocks.
•Diastrophism & magmatism
continuously change the face
of the Earth.
Why rocks crack and displaced?
Hot rocks in the Earth’s mantle is in motion.
Some parts of the crust also moved.
When rocks are exposed to “squeezing forces”
(compression) or “stretching forces” (tension),
rocks are deformed.
Rocks that undergo deformation, may break
forming fractures or bend forming folds.
Convection in the mantle causing movement in
the earth’s crust
Why rocks crack and displaced?
Hot rocks in the Earth’s mantle is in motion.
Some parts of the crust also moved.
When rocks are exposed to “squeezing forces”
(compression) or “stretching forces” (tension),
rocks are deformed.
Rocks that undergo deformation, may break
forming fractures or bend forming folds.
Types of Fractures
JOINTS – are fractures along which
little or no movement has taken place.
FAULTS – are fractures along which
masses of rocks have been considerably
displaced.
PARTS OF A FAULT LINE

FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL

FAULT PLANE
PARTS OF A FAULT LINE
FAULT PLANE – the flat surface along
which the displacement takes place.
HANGING WALL – the block of rock
resting on the fault plane.
FOOT WALL – the block of rock
below the fault plane.
TYPES OF FAULT
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT – When blocks
of rocks are displaced mainly in the
vertical direction.
Types of Dip-slip Fault
NORMAL FAULT – if the hanging
wall moved down with respect to
the footwall.
REVERSE FAULT – if the hanging
wall moved up with respect to the
footwall.
NORMAL FAULT
REVERSE FAULT
TYPES OF FAULT
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT – When blocks
of rocks are displaced mainly in the
horizontal direction.
TYPES of STIKE-SLIP FAULT
LEFT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP
FAULT – if the block of rocks move
to your left.
RIGHT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP
FAULT – if the block of rocks move
to your right.
LEFT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
RIGHT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
FOLDS
Are layers of rocks that were originally undeformed
but are now bent.
PARTS OF A FOLD

ANTICLINE

SYNCLINE

LIMBS
PARTS OF A FOLD
ANTICLINE – upward arching.
SYNCLINE – downward arching.
LIMBS – sides of a fold
Forces Within Earth

Forces Within Earth


An earthquake is a shaking and
trembling of the earth’s surface that
results from the sudden movement of
part of the earth’s crust at a fault.
The shaking can last from 30 seconds
up to a minute.
Forces Within Earth

Earthquake Waves
Most earthquakes are caused by movements
along faults.
• A fault is a crack or break in the crust where

movement occurs.
• Irregular surfaces in rocks can snag and
lock, causing stress to build in the rocks.
• When the rocks reach their elastic limit they
break, and this produces an earthquake.
.
Forces Within Earth

Focus/Epicenter
– The focus of an earthquake is the point of failure
of rocks at the depth where an earthquake
originates.

The epicenter of
an earthquake
is the point on
Earth’s surface
directly above
the focus.
Foreshocks and Aftershocks
A foreshock is a small earthquake that
occurs days or years before the main
earthquake.

An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs


after the main earthquake, usually a small
one.
Earthquakes and Society

Some Earthquake Hazards


Tsunami
– A tsunami is a large ocean wave generated by vertical
motions of the seafloor during an earthquake or
underwater landslide.
– These motions displace the entire column of water
overlying the fault, creating bulges and depressions in
the water.
– They can travel at speeds of between 500- 800 km/h
– When the waves enter shallow water they may form
huge breakers with heights occasionally
exceeding 30 m.
Earthquakes and Society

Some Earthquake Hazards


Structural Failure
– In many earthquake-prone areas, buildings are
destroyed as the ground beneath them shakes.
– “Pancaking” occurs when the supporting walls
of the ground floor fail, causing the upper floors
to fall and collapse as they hit lower floors.
– The natural sway of a building is related to
height; longer waves affect taller buildings and
shorter waves affect shorter buildings.
Pancaking
of a Hotel

Mexico City 1985 due to 8.1 Magnitude quake


Earthquakes and Society

Some Earthquake Hazards


Land and Soil Failure
– Earthquakes may trigger massive
landslides in
sloping areas.
– Liquefaction is when soils or sand
under a structure become saturated
with water and are no longer able to
support structures.
Liquifaction Example
Forces Within Earth

Earthquake Waves
Types of Seismic Waves
– The vibrations of the ground
during an earthquake are called
seismic waves.
– Every earthquake generates
three types of seismic waves.
• Primary waves, or P-waves,
squeeze and pull rocks in the
same direction along which
the waves are traveling.
Earthquake Waves
Types of Seismic Waves

S waves are
Secondary waves
They travel through
SOLIDS only!
They arrrive Second!
Earthquake Waves
Surface waves
travel along Earth’s
surface, moving in
two directions as
they pass through
rock.
Seismic Waves and Earth’s Interior

Seismic Wave and Earth’s Interior


Seismology is the study of earthquake
waves.
• The seismic waves that shake the
ground during a quake also penetrate
Earth’s interior.
• This has provided information that has
enabled Earth scientists to construct
models of Earth’s internal structure.
Seismic Waves and Earth’s Interior

Seismometers and Seismograms


Seismometers, or seismographs, are
sensitive instruments that detect and record
the vibrations sent out by earthquakes.

• The relative motion of the mass in


relation to the frame is recorded
during an earthquake.
Seismic Waves and Earth’s Interior

Seismograph and seismogram


Seismogram example
Seismic Waves and Earth’s Interior

Seismometers and Seismograms


A seismogram is the record produced by a
seismometer.
Measuring and Locating Earthquakes

Earthquake Magnitude and Intensity


Magnitude is the measurement of
the amount of energy released during
an earthquake.
Intensity is the amount of damage
done to the structures involved
• The Richter scale is a numerical scale based on
the size of the largest seismic waves generated
by a quake that is used to describe its magnitude.
Measuring and Locating Earthquakes

Earthquake Magnitude and Intensity


Modified Mercalli Scale
– The modified Mercalli scale, which measures
the amount of damage done to the structures
involved, is used to determine the intensity of
an earthquake.
– This scale uses the Roman numerals I to XII to
designate the degree of intensity.

– Specific effects or damage correspond to


specific numerals; the higher the numeral, the
worse the damage.

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