Endogenic Processes
Endogenic Processes
Endogenic Processes
Processess
A PowerPoint Template
The activities or forces in
the interior of the
earth(beneath the Earth)
Which result in reshaping
of Earth’s landforms.
The most familiar examples of
endogenic processes are
volcanism,
metamorphism,
earthquakes, crustal
warping, folding, and
faulting
Volcanism is the eruption
of molten rock from
inside the Earth to the
surface. Volcanism occurs
because of Earth's internal
heat, and is associated with
tectonic processes and a
part of the rock cycle.
Volcanic eruptions occur
when molten lava reaches
the surface of the Earth.
Metamorphism is
the transformation
of existing rock to
rock with a
different mineral
composition or
texture.
depression
A landform sunken or
depressed below the
surrounding area.
Uplift
Vertical elevation of the
Earth’s surface in response
to natural causes.
FAULTS
A fault or fault line is a planar
fracture in rock in which the rock
on one side of the fracture has
moved with respect to the rock on
the other side.
diastrophism
The movement of crustal
plates which deform & alter the
surface of the earth.
Geological process that forms
structures such as mountains,
valleys & plateaus.
Copyright 2009 11
magmatism
•Geological process by which
magma is produced by partial
melting of subsurface rocks.
•Diastrophism & magmatism
continuously change the face
of the Earth.
Why rocks crack and displaced?
Hot rocks in the Earth’s mantle is in motion.
Some parts of the crust also moved.
When rocks are exposed to “squeezing forces”
(compression) or “stretching forces” (tension),
rocks are deformed.
Rocks that undergo deformation, may break
forming fractures or bend forming folds.
Convection in the mantle causing movement in
the earth’s crust
Why rocks crack and displaced?
Hot rocks in the Earth’s mantle is in motion.
Some parts of the crust also moved.
When rocks are exposed to “squeezing forces”
(compression) or “stretching forces” (tension),
rocks are deformed.
Rocks that undergo deformation, may break
forming fractures or bend forming folds.
Types of Fractures
JOINTS – are fractures along which
little or no movement has taken place.
FAULTS – are fractures along which
masses of rocks have been considerably
displaced.
PARTS OF A FAULT LINE
FOOT WALL
HANGING WALL
FAULT PLANE
PARTS OF A FAULT LINE
FAULT PLANE – the flat surface along
which the displacement takes place.
HANGING WALL – the block of rock
resting on the fault plane.
FOOT WALL – the block of rock
below the fault plane.
TYPES OF FAULT
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT – When blocks
of rocks are displaced mainly in the
vertical direction.
Types of Dip-slip Fault
NORMAL FAULT – if the hanging
wall moved down with respect to
the footwall.
REVERSE FAULT – if the hanging
wall moved up with respect to the
footwall.
NORMAL FAULT
REVERSE FAULT
TYPES OF FAULT
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT – When blocks
of rocks are displaced mainly in the
horizontal direction.
TYPES of STIKE-SLIP FAULT
LEFT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP
FAULT – if the block of rocks move
to your left.
RIGHT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP
FAULT – if the block of rocks move
to your right.
LEFT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
RIGHT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
FOLDS
Are layers of rocks that were originally undeformed
but are now bent.
PARTS OF A FOLD
ANTICLINE
SYNCLINE
LIMBS
PARTS OF A FOLD
ANTICLINE – upward arching.
SYNCLINE – downward arching.
LIMBS – sides of a fold
Forces Within Earth
Earthquake Waves
Most earthquakes are caused by movements
along faults.
• A fault is a crack or break in the crust where
movement occurs.
• Irregular surfaces in rocks can snag and
lock, causing stress to build in the rocks.
• When the rocks reach their elastic limit they
break, and this produces an earthquake.
.
Forces Within Earth
Focus/Epicenter
– The focus of an earthquake is the point of failure
of rocks at the depth where an earthquake
originates.
The epicenter of
an earthquake
is the point on
Earth’s surface
directly above
the focus.
Foreshocks and Aftershocks
A foreshock is a small earthquake that
occurs days or years before the main
earthquake.
Earthquake Waves
Types of Seismic Waves
– The vibrations of the ground
during an earthquake are called
seismic waves.
– Every earthquake generates
three types of seismic waves.
• Primary waves, or P-waves,
squeeze and pull rocks in the
same direction along which
the waves are traveling.
Earthquake Waves
Types of Seismic Waves
S waves are
Secondary waves
They travel through
SOLIDS only!
They arrrive Second!
Earthquake Waves
Surface waves
travel along Earth’s
surface, moving in
two directions as
they pass through
rock.
Seismic Waves and Earth’s Interior