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Vectors

1) The document discusses projectile motion, which is the motion of an object thrown or projected into the air, and its trajectory under gravity. 2) It describes two types of projectile motion - horizontal projection where the initial velocity is horizontal, and angular projection where the initial velocity is at an angle to the horizontal. 3) The key equations for projectile motion are derived and discussed, including equations for the horizontal range, time of flight, and speed when the projectile hits the ground.

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labdhi.gautam.shah
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© © All Rights Reserved
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20 views

Vectors

1) The document discusses projectile motion, which is the motion of an object thrown or projected into the air, and its trajectory under gravity. 2) It describes two types of projectile motion - horizontal projection where the initial velocity is horizontal, and angular projection where the initial velocity is at an angle to the horizontal. 3) The key equations for projectile motion are derived and discussed, including equations for the horizontal range, time of flight, and speed when the projectile hits the ground.

Uploaded by

labdhi.gautam.shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Motion in 2 Dimension

Practice question
COMPONENTS
OF A VECTOR
Consider a 3–dimensional coordinate
system. With respect to this a vector can
be written in component form as
3D cartesian
system
Practice Question
Scalar The scalar product (or dot product) of two
vectors is defined as the product of the
Product of magnitudes of both the vectors and the cosine
Two Vectors of the angle between them.
Properties
The Vector
Product of
Two • The vector product or cross
Vectors / (“C product of two vectors is defined
ROSS“ as another vector having a
magnitude equal to the product
PRODUCT) of the magnitudes of two
vectors and the sine of the angle
between them.
Properties of vector (cross) product
• The vector product of any two vectors is always another vector whose
direction is perpendicular to the plane containing these two vectors,
i.e., orthogonal to both the vectors A and B, even though the vectors
A and B may or may not be mutually orthogonal.
• The vector product of two vectors is not commutative
• The vector product of two vectors will have maximum magnitude
when sin θ = 1
• The self–cross product, i.e., product of a vector with itself is the null
vector
Practice Question
Practice Question
Practice Question
Practice Question
Practice Question
Practice Question
Practice Question
When an object is thrown in the air with some initial
velocity (NOT just upwards), and then allowed to
move under the action of gravity alone, the object is
known as a projectile. The patt followed by the
particle is called its trajectory.
PROJECTILE Examples of projectile are
MOTION 1. An object dropped from window of a moving train.
2. A bullet fired from a rifle.
3. A ball thrown in any direction.
4. A javelin or shot put thrown by an athlete.
5. A jet of water issuing from a hole near the bottom
of a water tank.
It is found that a projectile moves
under the combined effect of two
velocities.
A uniform velocity in the horizontal
direction, which will not change
provided there is no air resistance.
A uniformly changing velocity (i.e.,
increasing or decreasing) in the
vertical direction.
There are two types of projectile motion:

i) Projectile given an (ii) Projectile given an


initial velocity in the initial velocity at an
horizontal direction angle to the horizontal
(horizontal projection) (angular projection)
i) Air resistance is neglected.

• Assumptions
ii) The effect due to rotation of Earth
to and curvature of Earth is negligible.
study motion
of a projectile
iii) The acceleration due to gravity is
constant in magnitude and direction at
all points of the motion of the projectile
Projectile in horizontal projection
• Consider a projectile (say a ball) thrown horizontally with an initial
velocity u from the top of a tower of height h.
• As the ball moves, it covers a horizontal distance due to its uniform
horizontal velocity u, and a vertical downward distance because of
constant acceleration due to gravity g.
• Thus, under the combined effect the ball moves along the path OPA.
Horizontal projection
The motion is in a 2-dimensional plane. Let the ball take time t to reach
the ground at point A,
Then the horizontal distance travelled by the ball is
x (t) = x, and
the vertical distance travelled is
y (t) = y .
By using kinematical equation
Motion along downward direction

uy = 0 (initial velocity has no downward component),


a = g (we choose the +ve y-axis in downward direction), and distance y
at time t.
Write 2nd kinematical equation along y axis and put values
y= g t^2
Time of Flight:
• The time taken for the projectile to complete its trajectory or time
taken by the projectile to hit theground is called time of flight.
Horizontal range:
• The horizontal distance covered by the projectile from the foot of the
tower to the point where the projectile hits the ground is called
horizontal range.
Speed of the projectile when it hits the ground:
• When the projectile hits the ground after initially thrown horizontally
from the top of tower of height h, the time of flight is
• This projectile motion
Projectile under takes place when the
an angular initial velocity is not
horizontal, but at some
projection angle with the vertical
Angular displacement

• The angle described by


the particle about the
axis of rotation (or
centre O) in a
given time is called
angular displacement.
Angular velocity (ω)
• The rate of change of angular displacement is called angular velocity.
Angular acceleration (α)
• The rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration.
• The direction of linear velocity v is
tangential to the circle, whereas the
direction of angular velocity ω is along
NOTE the axis of rotation. The radius is also
represented as a vector r directed
radially from the centre of the circle.
Circular Motion
• In uniform circular motion, the velocity is always changing but speed
remains the same.
• Physically it implies that magnitude of velocity vector remains
constant and only the direction changes continuously.
Tangential
acceleration

• Consider an object moving along a


circle of radius r. In a time ∆t, the object
travels an arc distance ∆s as shown in
Figure.
• The corresponding angle subtended
is Δθ
in the limit ∆t →0, the above equation becomes

On Differentiating the equation, we get

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