Application Layer

Functionality and
Protocols

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 3

Sandra Coleman – CCNA, CCAI

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Applications Layer – allows user to interface with the
network!

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Application Layer – Provides the interface between
the applications on either end of the network.

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Protocols and networks

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 Protocols
 DNS – Matches domain names with IP addresses
 HTTP – Used to transfer data between clients/servers using
a web browser
 SMTP & POP3 – used to send email messages from clients
to servers over the internet
 FTP – allows the download/upload of files between a
client/server
 Telnet – allows users to login to a host from a remote
location and take control as if they were sitting at the
machine (virtual connection)
 DHCP – assigns IP addresses, subnet masks, default
gateways, DNS servers, etcs. To users as they login the
network
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Application layer software
 2 types
Applications – Provide the human (user) interface. Relies on
lower layers to complete the communication process.

Services – establish an interface to the network where protocols

provide the rules and formats that govern how data is treated..

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How data requests occur & are filled

 Client/server model
Advantages:
Centralized administration
Security is easier to enforce

 Application layer services and protocols

 Peer-to-peer networking and applications

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Client/Server Model
 Client –
device requesting information (initiates the data exchange)
Can also UPLOAD data to the servers

 Server – device responding to the request

How does it handle multiple request from multiple users and keep
everything in order?
Relies on support from the lower layer functions to distinguish between
services and conversations.
Server relies on a service called a server daemon – runs in the
background and ‘listens’ for requests for that service. It can then
exchange messages as appropriate & send requested data.
 Examples:
E-mail Client on an employee computer issues a request to the e-mail
server for any unread e-mail. The server responds by sending the e-
mail to the client.
Conversations can originate with either party.

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Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network Model

 Two or more computers are connected and are able to

share resources without having a dedicated server
 Every end device can function as a client or server on a
‘per request’ basis
 Resources are decentralized (information can be
located anywhere)
 Difficult to enforce security and policies
 User accounts and access rights have to be set
individually on each peer device

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P2P Applications

 Running applications in hybrid mode allows for a

centralized directory of files even though the files
themselves may be on multiple machines
 Unlike P2P networks, a device can act as both the
client and server within the same communication
 Each device must provide a user interface and run a
background service.
 Can be used on P2P networks, client/server networks
and across the internet.

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P2P Applications Example

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Common Port Numbers

 TCP
FTP – 20-21
Telnet – 23
SMTP – 25
DNS – 53 (Both TCP & UDP)
HTTP – 80

 UDP
DHCP – 67 & 68
POP – 110

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DNS Services

 DNS resolver – supports name resolution for other

network applications and services that need it.
 Devices are usually given 1 or more DNS Server
addresses they can use for name resolution.
 Uses different types of resource records to actually
resolve the name/IP address issues

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DSN Services and Protocol

DNS Servers resolve names to IP addresses. It would be

difficult to remember the IP address of every website we like to
visit, but we can remember names.
THANK YOU DNS SERVER!
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WWW Service and HTTP
 Steps:
1) URL is typed in the address bar.
2) Browser checks with DNS server to convert it to an IP address
3) Connects to the server requested
4) Using HTTP or HTTPS protocol requirements, the browser
sends a GET request to the server to ask for the desired html
document (usually index.html)
5) The server sends the HTML code for the web page to the
browser.
6) The browser interprets the HTML code and formats the page to
fit the browser window.
7) See the next slide for an example.

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WWW Service and HTTP

HTTP/HTTPS
are some of the
MOST used
application
protocols!

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E-mail services and SMTP/POP protocols
 E-mail is the most popular network service.
 E-mail client (when people compose e-mail) is called
Mail User Agent (MUA)
 MUA allows messages to be sent/retrieved to and from
your mailbox
 Requires several applications and services
POP or POP3 – deliver email from server to client (incoming
messages)
SMTP – handles outbound messages from clients

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E-mail services and SMTP/POP protocols
 What do servers require?
1) Must be running SMTP!
2) Also operates
1) Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) – used to forward email
1)Receives email from the clients MUA
2)Uses SMTP to route email between SERVERS!
3)Passes email to the MDA for final delivery
2) Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) – receives messages from
MUA or from the MTA on another server
3) For two e-mail servers to talk – MUST run SMTP and MTA in
order to transfer mail between the 2 servers!
4) Some clients run Lotus Notes, Groupwise, or MS Exchange.
They have their own proprietary protocol for handling e-mail.
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E-mail services and SMTP/POP protocols

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FTP
 Commonly used application layer protocol
 Allows for the transfer of files between clients/servers.
 Requires 2 connections to the server
1) Commands – uses TCP port 21
2) Actual data – uses TCP port 20

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 DHCP
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol – enables devices to obtain IP
addresses, subnet masks, gateways, DNS server information, etc.
from a DHCP server.
 An IP address that is not being used is assigned from a range of
available addresses
 Not permanently assigned – only leased for a specific period of time
(usually 24 hours – 7 days)
 If the host logs off or the power is lost, the IP address they were
using is returned to the pool to be re-assigned to another host when
needed.
 This is how you are able to use Wi-Fi at various places in the world!
 Don’t use DHCP for devices such as servers, printers, routers,
switches, etc. These should be statically assigned.
 This will be covered in greater detail in CCNA 4.

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 Telnet
 Developed in the early 1970’s – among the oldest of the application
layer protocols and services in the TCP/IP protocol suite.
 Allows users to emulate text-based terminal devices over the network
using software.
 A connection is known as a ‘virtual terminal (vty)’ session.
 Can be run from the command prompt on a PC.
 You can use the device as if you were sitting there with all the rights and
priorities that you username will offer you.
 Disadvantages: Doesn’t support encryption like SSH. All data is
transferred as plain text. It can be easily intercepted and understood.
 If security is a concern, you should use Secure Shell (SSH) protocol.
Provides for remote logins with stronger authentication than telnet.
 Network Professionals should always use SSH whenever possible.

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Telnet

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File Sharing Services and SMB protocol
 Server Message Block
 SMB has become a mainstay of Microsoft networking, even more
so since the introduction of Windows 2000 software.
 Allows servers to share their resources with clients
 Linux and Unix also share with Microsoft networks using a version
of SMB called SAMBA.
 Apple also supports sharing resources using an SMB protocol
 What can SMB do?
Start, authenticate, and terminate sessions
Control file and printer access
Allow applications to send/receive messages to/from another device

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File sharing services and SMB

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Gnutella protocol
People can
make files on
their hard disks
available to
other users to
download.
Relies heavily
on HTTP
services.

Client applications that use Gnutella are BearShare,

LimeWire, Morpheus, WinMX, Gnucleus, etc.

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