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NATURE
OF
STATISTICS
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
• Nowadays, people are curious about many things, chances are that you are
interested with the role of Statistics that made it useful by understanding
of structures in data. Information developed through the use of statistics
has improved our understanding of how life works, helped us learn each
other, allowed control over some societal issues, and helped individuals
make informed decisions. There is almost no area of knowledge that has
not been advanced by statistical studies.
• Statistics defined in its plural sense is a set of numerical data, while
in its singular sense refers to the scientific discipline consisting of
theory and methods in processing numerical information that one can
use when making decisions in the face of uncertainty.
• Statistics is a science which deals with methods of collecting,
organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting of data; drawing
conclusion about what the data means; numerical data that describe
phenomena.
SOME APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICS
• Determining the level of patient’s satisfaction on the nursing care

administered by student nurses at Common View University.
• Determining the distribution of the number of text messages sent per
day of Statistical Analysis students.
• Relationship of faculty status and work commitment.
• Prediction of the number of Statistics students for the next school year
2019-2020.
DIVISION OF STATISTICS
• Descriptive Statistics – comprises those methods concerned with

collecting and describing a set of data to yield meaningful
information.
• Inferential Statistics – concerns on generalizing from samples to
populations by performing hypothesis testing, determining
relationships between variables and making predictions.
EXAMPLES:
Descriptive Statistics
• Total number of Statistics students weighing at least 50 kilograms.
• The University registrar cited statistics showing an increase number of students
during the past five years.
Inferential Statistics
• A new teaching strategy was designed to improve the academic performance of
college students was tested on randomly selected college students. Based on the
results, it was concluded that the new teaching strategy is effective in improving
the academic performance of college students.
IDENTIFY WHETHER THE STATEMENT
DESCRIBES
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
OR
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS OR DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS:
• The average age of the students in a statistics

class is 22 years.
STATISTICS:
• From past figures, it is predicted that 30% of the

registered voters will vote in the March primary.
STATISTICS:
• The chances of winning the California Lottery

are one chance in twenty-two million.
STATISTICS:
•There is a relationship between

smoking cigarettes and getting
emphysema.
STATISTICS:
• From past figures, it is predicted that 39% of the

registered voters in California will vote in the
June primary.
STATISTICS:
• A recent report stated "Based on a sample of

250 truck drivers, there is evidence to indicate
that, on average, independent truck drivers earn
more than company-hired truck drivers."
STATISTICS:
• The table below shows the total number of births in the U.S. and
the birth rate per 1,000 population in each of the years 1990 -
1994.
BASIC TERMS IN STATISTICS
• Population consists of the totality of the observations with which

we are concerned.
• Sample is a subset of the population that truly represents the
unique qualities or characteristics of the population
• Sampling is the technique of collecting information from a
portion of the population.
IDENTIFY WHETHER THE
FOLLOWING REFERS TO
POPULATION
OR
SAMPLE:
POPULATION OR SAMPLE
1. The total number of students in a school.

2. A group of 30 patient in a hospital undergoing treatment
for COVID.
3. The ages of all vendors in a public market.
4. The top 50 top – earning Filipinos.
5. The list of all countries in the world.
• Parameter is any numerical value describing a characteristic of a
population.
• Statistic is any numerical value describing a characteristic of a
sample .
• Variable is a characteristic of interest measurable on each and
every individual in a given sample or population.
Ex. Age, Sex, Year Level, Course
TELL WHETHER THE GIVEN IS A
PARAMETER
OR
STATISTICS:
PARAMETER OR STATISTICS
1. The average weight of all males in the Philippines.

2. The average height of 100 cats in Pasig.
3. The average test score of 20 students in a class of 500.
4. The average daily allowance of all students in a class.
5. Based on a sample of 900 elementary students, it was found
out that 30% of them could not do long division.
• Qualitative variables or categorical variables can be separated
into different categories that are distinguished by some
nonnumeric characteristics.
Ex. Name, Sex, Year Level, Course
• Quantitative variables consist of numbers representing counts or
measurements.
DETERMINE WHETHER THE DATA
ARE
QUALITATIVE
OR
QUANTITATIVE :
QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE
a) the colors of automobiles on a used car lot

b) the numbers on the shirts of a girl’s soccer team
c) the number of seats in a movie theater
d) a list of house numbers on your street
e) the ages of a sample of 350 employees of a large hospital
Discrete data – data that can be counted, e.g., number of patients in a
hospital, number of students who obtained 1.0 grade in MMW. These
data assume only a countable number of values.
Continuous data – data that can be measured, e.g., systolic blood
pressure, weight and height. These data result from infinitely many
possible values that can be associated with points on a continuous scale
in such a way that there are no gaps or interruptions.
CLASIFY THE FOLLOWING
VARIABLES IF
DISCRETE
OR
CONTINUOUS :
DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS DATA
1. Number of patients per day at BATMC.

2. Temperature of the covid – 19 patients.
3. The number of male athletes.
4. The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee.
5. The number of deaths infected by covid – 19 in Laguna.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• Nominal referred to the used measure of identity, like religion and

gender.
• Ordinal pertains to ranking. Example: percentile rank of students in
NSAT and Top 10 students.
• Interval provides number that reflects differences among item without
no absolute zero score like temperature.
• Ratio provides number that reflects absolute zero score like number of
students present and absent
IDENTIFY THE DATA SET’S LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
(NOMINAL, ORDINAL, INTERVAL, RATIO):
a) hair color of women on a high school tennis team

b) numbers on the shirts of a girl’s soccer team
c) ages of students in a statistics class
d) temperatures of 22 selected refrigerators
e) number of milligrams of tar in 28 cigarettes
f) number of pages in your statistics book
g) marriage status of the faculty at the local community college

h) list of 1247 social security numbers
i) the ratings of a movie ranging from “poor” to “good” to “excellent”
j) the final grades (A,B,C,D, and F) for students in a chemistry class
k) the annual salaries for all teachers in Utah
l) list of zip codes for Chicago

m) the nationalities listed in a recent survey
n) the amount of fat (in grams) in 44 cookies

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NATURE

• Determining the level of patient’s satisfaction on the nursing care

• Descriptive Statistics – comprises those methods concerned with

• The average age of the students in a statistics

• From past figures, it is predicted that 30% of the

• The chances of winning the California Lottery

•There is a relationship between

• From past figures, it is predicted that 39% of the

• A recent report stated "Based on a sample of

• Population consists of the totality of the observations with which

1. The total number of students in a school.

1. The average weight of all males in the Philippines.

a) the colors of automobiles on a used car lot

1. Number of patients per day at BATMC.

• Nominal referred to the used measure of identity, like religion and

a) hair color of women on a high school tennis team

g) marriage status of the faculty at the local community college

l) list of zip codes for Chicago

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