Internet Protocol(IP)

IP Address
 Internet Protocol(IP)
• Identifying devices on networks requires answering these two questions: Which
network is it on? And what is its ID on that network?
 The first answer is the software address, or logical address (the correct street).
 The second answer is the hardware address (the correct name).
• All hosts on a network have a logical ID called an IP address. This is the
software, or logical address
 IP Addressing
• An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP
network. It designates the specific location of a device on the network.
• An IP address is a software address, not a hardware address.
• IP addressing was designed to allow a host on one network to communicate
with a host on a different network.
 IP Terminology
• Bit – A bit is a single digit with a value of 0 or 1.
• Byte – A byte is composed of 8 bits.
• Octet – An octet is also made up of 8 bits.
• Network address -This is the designation used in routing to send packets to a
remote network. for example, 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and 192.168.10.0.
• Broadcast address The address used by applications and hosts to send
information to all nodes on a network is called the broadcast address. Examples
255.255.255.255, 172.16.255.255, 10.255.255.255, 192.168.1.255
 The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme
• An IP address consists of 32 bits of information. These bits are divided into four
sections, referred to as octets or bytes, each containing 1 byte (8 bits).
• We can depict an IP address using one of two methods:
1. Dotted-decimal, as in 172.16.30.56
2. Binary, as in 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
 The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme
• The 32-bit IP address is a hierarchical address that is structured by,
network and host.
• The hierarchical addressing scheme can handle a large number of
addresses, namely 4.3 billion(a 32-bit address space with two possible
values for each position—either 0 or 1—gives you 232, or 4,294,967,296).
 Network Address
• The network address (which can also be called the network number) uniquely
identifies each network.
• Every machine on the same network shares that network address as part of its
IP address.
• In the IP address 172.16.30.56, for example, 172.16 is the network address.
 Node or Host Address
• The node address is assigned to, and uniquely identifies, each machine on a
network.
• This part of the address must be unique because it identifies a particular
machine—an individual— as opposed to a network, which is a group.
• This number can also be referred to as a host address. In the sample IP address
172.16.30.56, the 30.56 is the node address.
 IP Address and Subnet Mask
• There are two parts to every IP address. How do hosts know which portion
is the network and which is the host? This is the job of the subnet mask.
• The subnet mask signifies which part of the IP address is network and
which part is host.
• The subnet mask is compared to the IP address from left to right, bit for
bit. The 1s in the subnet mask represent the network portion; the 0s
represent the host portion.
 IP Address and Subnet Mask (Cont.)
• When a host sends a packet, it compares its subnet mask to its own IP
address and the destination IP address. If the network bits
match, both the source and destination host are on the same network and
the packet can be delivered locally. If they do not match, the sending host
forwards the packet to the local router interface to be sent on to the other
network.
 Classes of IP address
• The designers of the Internet decided to create classes of networks based on network size.
1. For the small number of networks possessing a very large number of nodes, they
created the Class A network.
2. At the other extreme is the Class C network, which is reserved for the numerous
networks with a small number of nodes.
3. The class distinction for networks between very large and very small is predictably
called the Class B network.
 Network Address Range: Class A
• The designers of the IP address scheme said that the first bit of the first byte in a Class
A network address must always be off, or 0. Class A address must be between 0 and
127.
• 0xxxxxxx
• If we turn the other 7 bits all off and then turn them all on, we’ll find the Class
A range of network addresses:
• 00000000 = 0
• 01111111 = 127
 Network Address Range: Class B
• In a Class B network, the first bit of the first byte must always be turned on, but
the second bit must always be turned off. If you turn the other 6 bits all off and
then all on, you will find the range for a Class B network:
• 10000000 = 128
• 10111111 = 191
• As you can see, a Class B network is defined when the first byte is configured
from 128 to 191.
 Network Address Range: Class C
• For Class C networks, the first 2 bits of the first bits as always turned on, but
the third bit can never be on.
Here’s the range for a Class C network:
• 11000000 = 192
• 11011111 = 223
• So, if you see an IP address that starts at 192 and goes to 223, you’ll know it is
a Class C IP address.
 Network Address Ranges: Classes D and
E
• The addresses between 224 and 255 are reserved for Class D and E
networks. Class D (224–239) is used for multicast addresses

• Class E (240–255) for scientific purposes, but I’m not going into
these types of addresses in this course (and you don’t need to know
them).
 Class A Addresses
• In a Class A network address, the first byte is assigned to the network address, and the
three remaining bytes are used for the node addresses.
The Class A format is: network.node.node.node
• For example, in the IP address 49.22.102.70, the 49 is the network address, and
22.102.70 is the node address.
• Every machine on this particular network would have the unique network address of
49. The maximum number of class A networks that can be created is 128. Usable 126.
• Each Class A address has three bytes (24-bit positions) for the node address of a
machine.
 Class A Valid Host IDs
• Here’s an example of how to figure out the valid host IDs in a Class A network address:
1. All host bits off is the network address: 10.0.0.0.
2. All host bits on is the broadcast address: 10.255.255.255.
• The valid hosts are the numbers in between the network address and the broadcast address:
• 10.0.0.1 through 10.255.255.254.
• All you need to remember when trying to find valid host addresses is that the host bits
can’t all be turned off or all be on at the same time.
 Class B Addresses
• In a Class B network address, the first two bytes are assigned to the network
address and the remaining two bytes are used for node addresses.
The format is: network.network.node.node
• For example, in the IP address 172.16.30.56, the network address is 172.16, and
the node address is 30.56.
• A Class B address uses two bytes for node addresses. This is 216 minus the two
reserved patterns (all 0s and all 1s),
 Class B Valid Host IDs

• Here’s an example of how to find the valid hosts in a Class B network:

1. All host bits turned off is the network address: 172.16.0.0.
2. All host bits turned on is the broadcast address: 172.16.255.255.
• The valid hosts would be the numbers in between the network address and the
broadcast address: 172.16.0.1 through 172.16.255.254.
 Class C Addresses
• The first three bytes of a Class C network address are dedicated to the network
portion of the address, with only one byte remaining for the node address.
The format is: network.network.network.node.
• for example IP address 192.168.100.102, the network address is 192.168.100, and
the node address is 102.
• Each unique Class C network has one byte to use for node addresses. This leads to
28 or 256, minus the two reserved patterns of all 0s and all 1s. Total 254 node
addresses for each C class.
 Class C Valid Host IDs

• Here’s an example of how to find a valid host ID in a Class C network:

1. All host bits turned off is the network ID: 192.168.100.0.
2. All host bits turned on is the broadcast address: 192.168.100.255.
• The valid hosts would be the numbers in between the network address and
the broadcast address: 192.168.100.1 through 192.168.100.254.
 Public & Private IP Addresses
• All hosts that connect directly to the Internet require a unique public IP address. there is a
risk of running out of IP addresses.
• One solution to this problem was to reserve some private addresses for use exclusively
inside an organization., without the need of a unique public IP address.
• RFC 1918 is a standard that reserves several ranges of addresses within each of the classes A,
B and C.
• single Class A network,
• 16 Class B networks
• 256 Class C networks.
 Public & Private IP Addresses (Cont.)
• A very large network can use the Class A private network, which allows
for over 16 million private addresses.
• On medium size networks, a Class B private network could be used,
which provides over 65,000 addresses.
• Home and small business networks typically use a single class C private
address, which allows up to 254 hosts.
• The Class A network, the 16 Class B networks, or the 256 Class C
networks can be used within any size organization. Typically many
organizations use the Class A private network.
 Public & Private IP Addresses (Cont.)
• Private addresses can be used internally by hosts in an organization
as long as the hosts do not connect directly to the Internet.
Therefore, the same set of private addresses can be used by multiple
organizations.
• Private addresses are not routed on the Internet and will be quickly
blocked by an ISP router.
• The use of private addresses can provide a measure of security since they
are only visible on the local network, and outsiders cannot gain direct access
to the private IP addresses.
Public & Private IP Addresses (Cont.)
 Private IP Addresses
• The people who created the IP addressing scheme also created what we call
private IP addresses.
 Class A 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
 Class B 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
 Class C 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
Private IP Addresses
 Reserved IP addresses

Address What it represents Where can it be used

Node address of all 0s Represents a network address Routers route traffic based on
Example 10.0.0.0 or 172.16.0.0 network address.
Node address of all 1s Represents all hosts in a Used to send broadcasts to all
network.. 172.16.255.255 or hosts in a network.
192.168.10.255
Entire address of 0s Represents “any network”. Used by routers to designate the
default route.
Entire IP set to all 1s. Represents all hosts in network. Used to send broadcast messages

127.0.0.1 Represents the loopback address To send traffic from the host to
which is essentially the host itself itself.
END of Slides