Net Lec7

Lecture 7
IP
Addressing
ICMP
Overview
IP Addressing
 Introduction
 Hierarchical Addressing
 IP Address Format
 IP Address Component Field
 Requesting an IP Address
 IP Address Class
 IP Address Bit Pattern
 Network Address
 Broadcast Address
 Private Address
ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol)
Introduction
• The network layer is responsible for moving

data through a set of networks
• The function of the network layer is to find

the best path through the network.
• The network layer's addressing scheme is

used by devices to determine the destination of
data as it moves through the networks
• To accomplish this, it uses two addressing

methods:
• Flat addressing (Physical Address)
• Hierarchical addressing (IP Address)
Hierarchical addressing
• Hierarchical addressing schemes enable
information to traverse an internetwork, along
with a method to find the destination in an
efficient fashion
• The telephone network is an example of the use
of hierarchical addressing
• The telephone system uses a country code that

designates a country for the call's first stop (first hop)
• The next digits represent an area code that designates

a geographical area (second hop)
• The next three digits represent the local exchange

(third hop)
•The final digits represent the individual destination

IP Addressing Format
• An IP address is represented by a 32 bit binary

number
• The 32 bits of the address are divided into four
octets (an octet is a group of 8 bits), separated by
dots and represented in decimal
• This is known as dotted decimal format
IP Address Component Fields
Every IP address has two parts

• Network ID
The network number of an IP address identifies the
network to which a device is attached
• Host ID
The host portion of an IP address identifies the specific
device on that network
Requesting an IP Addresses
• Each network connected to the Internet must have a
unique network number
• An organization called the International Network

Information Center (InterNIC) assigns unique network
number
• They assigns blocks of IP address based on the size of the

networks
• The host number is assigned by the network administrator
ARIN - American Registry for Internet Numbers

IP Address Class
For easy administration, the designer of the IP
addressing scheme determined that there should be five
address classes. Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D &
Class E
Among these five classes, only three of these – Class

A, Class B & Class C address are used commercially
• Class A – Class A addresses are reserved for

governments, large organizations with may hosts (Hewlett
Packard, Stanford University have a Class A address)
• Class B – Class B addresses for medium-sized

companies (Cisco Systems has Class B address)
• Class C – Most smaller organizations use a Class C or

several Class C addresses
IP Address Class
• Class A address format is network.host.host.host
• Class B address format is network.network.host.host
• Class C address format is network.network.network.host

Class A
• When written in a binary format, the first
(leftmost) bit of a Class A address is always 0
• A network is to look at the first octet of its IP

address, which will range from 0 -126 (127 does
start with a 0 bit, but has been reserved for special
purposes)
• All Class A IP addresses use only the first 8 bits to

identify the network part of the address
• The remaining three octets can be used for the

host portion of the address
• An example of a Class A IP address is

124.95.44.15
Class B
• The first 2 bits of a Class B address are always 1
0 (one and zero)
• Class B IP addresses always have values ranging

from 128 to 191 in their first octet
• All Class B IP addresses use the first 16 bits to

• The two remaining octets of the IP address can be

used for the host portion of the address
• An example of a Class B IP address is

151.10.13.28
Class C
• The first 3 bits of a Class C address are always 1

1 0 (one, one and zero)
• Class C IP addresses always have values ranging

from 192 to 223 in their first octet
• All Class C IP addresses use the first 24 bits to

• Only the last octet of a Class C IP address can be

used for the host portion of the address
• An example of a Class C IP address is

201.110.213.28
IP Address Bit Patterns
The following illustration shows the classes of network,
the bits in the first octet that defines it and the number of
bits that are included in the network and host portion of
the address
Class A
0_______ ________ ________ ________
1st octet 0 - 126
Class B 10______ ________ ________ ________

1st octet 128-191
Class C 110____ ________ ________ ________

1st octet 192-223 _
Class D 1110___ ________ ________ ________

1st octet 224-239 _
Class E 11110__ ________ ________ ________

1st octet 240-255 _
127 does start with a 0 bit, but has been reserved for special purposes
Hosts for Classes of IP Address
• Every network that uses a Class A IP address
can have assigned up to 2 to-the-power of 24
(224) (minus 2), or 16,777,214, possible IP
addresses to devices that are attached to its
network
•Every network that uses a Class B IP address

can have assigned up to 2 to-the-power of 16
(216) (minus 2), or 65,534, possible IP addresses
to devices that are attached to its network
• Every network that uses a Class C IP address

can have assigned up to 28 (minus 2), or 254,
possible IP addresses to devices that are
attached to its network
Network Address
• An IP address that ends with binary 0s in all host bits is
reserved for the network address (sometimes called the
wire address)
• A router uses a network's IP address when it forwards

data on the Internet
Example
• In a Class A network, 113.0.0.0 is the network address
containing the host 113.1.2.3
• In a Class B network, the IP address 176.10.0.0 is a

network address
• The IP address 176.10.0.0 is reserved for the network

address and can never be used as an address for any
device that is attached to it
Broadcast Address
• If you wanted to send data to all of the devices on a
network, you would need to use a broadcast address
• A broadcast occurs when a source sends out data to all

devices on a network
• Broadcast IP addresses end with binary 1s in the entire

host part of the address (the host field)
Example
• In a Class B network, 176.10.255.255 would be the
broadcast address to reach all the host on the network
176.10.0.0 (since 255 is the decimal value of an octet
containing 11111111)
• The IP address 176.10.255.255 is reserved for the

broadcast address and can never be used as an address for
any device that is attached to it
Broadcast Address
Private Addresses
• There are certain addresses in each class of IP address
that are not assigned
• These addresses are called private addresses
• Private addresses might be used

• by hosts that use network address translation (NAT),
or a proxy server, to connect to a public network
• by hosts that do not connect to the Internet at all
Example
• Banks may use TCP/IP to connect to Automatic Teller
Machines (ATMs). These machines do no connect to the
public network, so private addresses are ideal for them
• Private addresses can also be used on a network where

there are not enough public addresses available
Private Addresses Space
ICMP (Internet Message Control Protocol)
 ICMP is implemented by all TCP/IP hosts
 It provides information relevant to IP packet
processing.
 ICMP messages are carried in IP datagram
 It is used to send error and control messages
Example
 Destination Unreachable
Router sends this message to the source if it is unable
to deliver a packet to the final destination
 Echo Reply
Successful reply to a ping command

ICMP Messages
Various ICMP messages

 Time to Live Exceeded
 Parameter Problem
 Source Quench
 Redirect
 Echo
 Timestamp
 Timestamp reply
 Information Request
 Information Reply
 Address request
 Address Reply
Review
Problem
Problem
128 191
10000000 10111111
First three
Last three
11100010
Class B
142.226.0.0
Yes
254
16382
65534
Four Eight
Problems
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No

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Lecture 7

• The network layer is responsible for moving

• The function of the network layer is to find

• The network layer's addressing scheme is

• To accomplish this, it uses two addressing

• The telephone system uses a country code that

• The next digits represent an area code that designates

• The next three digits represent the local exchange

•The final digits represent the individual destination

• An IP address is represented by a 32 bit binary

Every IP address has two parts

• An organization called the International Network

• They assigns blocks of IP address based on the size of the

• The host number is assigned by the network administrator

ARIN - American Registry for Internet Numbers

Among these five classes, only three of these – Class

• Class A – Class A addresses are reserved for

• Class B – Class B addresses for medium-sized

• Class C – Most smaller organizations use a Class C or

• Class B address format is network.network.host.host

• Class C address format is network.network.network.host

• A network is to look at the first octet of its IP

• All Class A IP addresses use only the first 8 bits to

• The remaining three octets can be used for the

• An example of a Class A IP address is

• Class B IP addresses always have values ranging

• All Class B IP addresses use the first 16 bits to

• The two remaining octets of the IP address can be

• An example of a Class B IP address is

• The first 3 bits of a Class C address are always 1

• Class C IP addresses always have values ranging

• All Class C IP addresses use the first 24 bits to

• Only the last octet of a Class C IP address can be

• An example of a Class C IP address is

Class B 10______ ________ ________ ________

Class C 110____ ________ ________ ________

Class D 1110___ ________ ________ ________

Class E 11110__ ________ ________ ________

•Every network that uses a Class B IP address

• Every network that uses a Class C IP address

• A router uses a network's IP address when it forwards

• In a Class B network, the IP address 176.10.0.0 is a

• The IP address 176.10.0.0 is reserved for the network

• A broadcast occurs when a source sends out data to all

• Broadcast IP addresses end with binary 1s in the entire

• The IP address 176.10.255.255 is reserved for the

• These addresses are called private addresses

• Private addresses might be used

• Private addresses can also be used on a network where

 It is used to send error and control messages

Successful reply to a ping command

Various ICMP messages

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Class B 10 __

Class C 110 ____

Class D 1110_ __

Class E 11110 __